Electromagnetic transducer with non-axial air gap

ABSTRACT

An electromagnetic transducer, including at least one active air gap, wherein the active air gap is a non-axial air gap. In some instances, the electromagnetic transducer of claim further comprises a coil configured to generate a dynamic magnetic field, the coil having a longitudinal axis, wherein the active air gap extends in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the coil.

BACKGROUND

Hearing loss, which may be due to many different causes, is generally oftwo types: conductive and sensorineural. Sensorineural hearing loss isdue to the absence or destruction of the hair cells in the cochlea thattransduce sound signals into nerve impulses. Various hearing prosthesesare commercially available to provide individuals suffering fromsensorineural hearing loss with the ability to perceive sound. Forexample, cochlear implants use an electrode array implanted in thecochlea of a recipient to bypass the mechanisms of the ear. Morespecifically, an electrical stimulus is provided via the electrode arrayto the auditory nerve, thereby causing a hearing percept.

Conductive hearing loss occurs when the normal mechanical pathways thatprovide sound to hair cells in the cochlea are impeded, for example, bydamage to the ossicular chain or the ear canal. Individuals sufferingfrom conductive hearing loss may retain some form of residual hearingbecause the hair cells in the cochlea may remain undamaged.

Individuals suffering from conductive hearing loss typically receive anacoustic hearing aid. Hearing aids rely on principles of air conductionto transmit acoustic signals to the cochlea. In particular, a hearingaid typically uses an arrangement positioned in the recipient's earcanal or on the outer ear to amplify a sound received by the outer earof the recipient. This amplified sound reaches the cochlea causingmotion of the perilymph and stimulation of the auditory nerve.

In contrast to hearing aids, which rely primarily on the principles ofair conduction, certain types of hearing prostheses commonly referred toas bone conduction devices, convert a received sound into vibrations.The vibrations are transferred through the skull to the cochlea causinggeneration of nerve impulses, which result in the perception of thereceived sound. Bone conduction devices are suitable to treat a varietyof types of hearing loss and may be suitable for individuals who cannotderive sufficient benefit from acoustic hearing aids, cochlear implants,etc., or for individuals who suffer from stuttering problems.

SUMMARY

In accordance with one aspect, there is an electromagnetic transducer,comprising a plurality of static flux paths, and a plurality of dynamicflux paths, wherein at least two of the plurality of static flux pathslie in respective first planes parallel and offset from one another, atleast two of the plurality of dynamic flux paths lie in respectivesecond planes parallel and offset from one another, and the first planesand the second planes are arrayed so as to establish at least a generaltic-tac-toe lattice.

In accordance with another aspect, there is an electromagnetictransducer, comprising a plurality of dynamic flux circuits, wherein afirst of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits is established by one ormore coils collectively having a first total number of coil turns, asecond of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits is established by otherone or more coils collectively having a second total number of coilturns, and the first total number of coil turns is less than the secondtotal number of coils.

In accordance with another aspect, there is a prosthesis, comprising anelectromagnetic actuator including two dynamic magnetic flux circuitsthat are mechanically connected to each other, wherein the prosthesis isconfigured to be at least one of implanted in or worn on a human.

In accordance with another aspect, there is a hearing prosthesis,comprising an electromagnetic actuator, and a sound capture apparatus,wherein the sound capture apparatus is configured to transduce sounds inat least a first range of 300 Hz to 4000 Hz, and relative to the firstrange, the actuator is optimized for performance at, relative to thefirst range, both a low frequency and a high frequency.

In accordance with another aspect, there is an electromagnetictransducer, comprising a first static magnetic flux circuit generated byat least one permanent magnet and a plurality of dynamic magnetic fluxcircuits, wherein at least two of the plurality of dynamic flux circuitsinteract with the static magnetic flux circuit to enable transduction.

In accordance with another aspect, there is an electromagnetictransducer, comprising at least one active air gap, wherein the activeair gap is a non-axial air gap.

In accordance with another aspect, there is an electromagnetictransducer, comprising at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuit and aseismic mass assembly, wherein both sides of an air gap crossed by thedynamic magnetic flux are established by the seismic mass assembly.

In accordance with another aspect, there is an electromagnetictransducer, comprising a seismic mass and a dynamic magnetic fieldgenerator, wherein the generated dynamic magnetic field crosses an airgap that expands and contracts with movement of the seismic massrelative to a stationary component of the transducer, and the respectiveamounts of movement of the seismic mass at the center of gravity thereofrelative to the stationary component in a first direction and a seconddirection opposite the first direction relative to the non-energizedstate is more than the respective amounts of expansion and contractionof the air gap from a non-energized.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some embodiments are described below with reference to the attacheddrawings, in which:

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an exemplary bone conduction device inwhich at least some embodiments can be implemented;

FIG. 1B is a perspective view of an alternate exemplary bone conductiondevice in which at least some embodiments can be implemented;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram conceptually illustrating a removablecomponent of a percutaneous bone conduction device in accordance with atleast some exemplary embodiments;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram conceptually illustrating a passivetranscutaneous bone conduction device in accordance with at least someexemplary embodiments;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram conceptually illustrating an activetranscutaneous bone conduction device in accordance with at least someexemplary embodiments;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an example of a vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly of the bone conduction device of FIG. 2;

FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly of the bone conduction device of FIG. 2;

FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of the bobbin assembly of thevibratory actuator-coupling assembly of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 6C is a cross-sectional view of the counterweight assembly of thevibratory actuator-coupling assembly of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a portion of the vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly of FIG. 6A;

FIGS. 8A and 8B are schematic diagrams detailing static and dynamicmagnetic flux in the vibratory actuator-coupling assembly at the momentthat the coils are energized when the bobbin assembly and thecounterweight assembly are at a balance point with respect tomagnetically induced relative movement between the two;

FIG. 9A is a schematic diagram depicting movement of the counterweightassembly relative to the bobbin assembly of the vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly of FIG. 6A; and

FIG. 9B is a schematic diagram depicting movement of the counterweightassembly relative to the bobbin assembly of the vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly of FIG. 6A in the opposite direction of thatdepicted in FIG. 9A;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of avibratory actuator-coupling assembly of the bone conduction device ofFIG. 2;

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of avibratory actuator-coupling assembly of the bone conduction device ofFIG. 2;

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of avibratory actuator-coupling assembly of the bone conduction device ofFIG. 2;

FIG. 13A is an isometric view from the bottom of another exemplaryembodiment of a vibratory actuator-coupling assembly according to anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 13B is an isometric view from the top of the embodiment of FIG.13A;

FIG. 14 is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 13A;

FIG. 15 is another side view of the embodiment of FIG. 13A;

FIG. 16 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 13A;

FIGS. 17A-17E are cross-sectional views of the embodiment of FIG. 13A;

FIGS. 18A and 18B are conceptual representations of the planes in whichthe various static magnetic fluxes and the dynamic magnetic fluxes flow;

FIG. 18C is another conceptual representation of the path of the staticmagnetic fluxes and the dynamic magnetic fluxes;

FIGS. 19 and 20 depict movement of the transducer during transduction;

FIG. 21 is an exemplary electrical schematic according to an exemplaryembodiment;

FIG. 22 presents some exemplary conceptual performance data according toan exemplary embodiment;

FIGS. 23, 24 and 25 depict dimensional details according to theembodiment of FIG. 13A;

FIGS. 26-27 depict another exemplary embodiment; and

FIG. 28 depicts another exemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a bone conduction device 100A in whichembodiments may be implemented. As shown, the recipient has an outer ear101, a middle ear 102 and an inner ear 103. Elements of outer ear 101,middle ear 102 and inner ear 103 are described below, followed by adescription of bone conduction device 100.

In a fully functional human hearing anatomy, outer ear 101 comprises anauricle 105 and an ear canal 106. A sound wave or acoustic pressure 107is collected by auricle 105 and channeled into and through ear canal106. Disposed across the distal end of ear canal 106 is a tympanicmembrane 104 which vibrates in response to acoustic wave 107. Thisvibration is coupled to oval window or fenestra ovalis 210 through threebones of middle ear 102, collectively referred to as the ossicles 111and comprising the malleus 112, the incus 113 and the stapes 114. Theossicles 111 of middle ear 102 serve to filter and amplify acoustic wave107, causing oval window 210 to vibrate. Such vibration sets up waves offluid motion within cochlea 139. Such fluid motion, in turn, activateshair cells (not shown) that line the inside of cochlea 139. Activationof the hair cells causes appropriate nerve impulses to be transferredthrough the spiral ganglion cells and auditory nerve 116 to the brain(not shown), where they are perceived as sound.

FIG. 1A also illustrates the positioning of bone conduction device 100Arelative to outer ear 101, middle ear 102 and inner ear 103 of arecipient of device 100. As shown, bone conduction device 100 ispositioned behind outer ear 101 of the recipient and comprises a soundinput element 126A to receive sound signals. Sound input element maycomprise, for example, a microphone, telecoil, etc. In an exemplaryembodiment, sound input element 126A may be located, for example, on orin bone conduction device 100A, or on a cable extending from boneconduction device 100A.

In an exemplary embodiment, bone conduction device 100A comprises anoperationally removable component and a bone conduction implant. Theoperationally removable component is operationally releasably coupled tothe bone conduction implant. By operationally releasably coupled, it ismeant that it is releasable in such a manner that the recipient canrelatively easily attach and remove the operationally removablecomponent during normal use of the bone conduction device 100A. Suchreleasable coupling is accomplished via a coupling assembly of theoperationally removable component and a corresponding mating apparatusof the bone conduction implant, as will be detailed below. This ascontrasted with how the bone conduction implant is attached to theskull, as will also be detailed below. The operationally removablecomponent includes a sound processor (not shown), a vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator and/or a vibratory piezoelectric actuatorand/or other type of actuator (not shown—which are sometimes referred toherein as a species of the genus vibrator) and/or various otheroperational components, such as sound input device 126A. In this regard,the operationally removable component is sometimes referred to herein asa vibrator unit. More particularly, sound input device 126A (e.g., amicrophone) converts received sound signals into electrical signals.These electrical signals are processed by the sound processor. The soundprocessor generates control signals which cause the actuator to vibrate.In other words, the actuator converts the electrical signals intomechanical motion to impart vibrations to the recipient's skull.

As illustrated, the operationally removable component of the boneconduction device 100A further includes a coupling assembly 240configured to operationally removably attach the operationally removablecomponent to a bone conduction implant (also referred to as an anchorsystem and/or a fixation system) which is implanted in the recipient. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 1, coupling assembly 240 is coupled to the boneconduction implant (not shown) implanted in the recipient in a mannerthat is further detailed below with respect to exemplary embodiments ofthe bone conduction implant. Briefly, an exemplary bone conductionimplant may include a percutaneous abutment attached to a bone fixturevia a screw, the bone fixture being fixed to the recipient's skull bone136. The abutment extends from the bone fixture which is screwed intobone 136, through muscle 134, fat 128 and skin 232 so that the couplingassembly may be attached thereto. Such a percutaneous abutment providesan attachment location for the coupling assembly that facilitatesefficient transmission of mechanical force.

It is noted that while many of the details of the embodiments presentedherein are described with respect to a percutaneous bone conductiondevice, some or all of the teachings disclosed herein may be utilized intranscutaneous bone conduction devices and/or other devices that utilizea vibratory electromagnetic actuator. For example, embodiments includeactive transcutaneous bone conduction systems utilizing theelectromagnetic actuators disclosed herein and variations thereof whereat least one active component (e.g. the electromagnetic actuator) isimplanted beneath the skin. Embodiments also include passivetranscutaneous bone conduction systems utilizing the electromagneticactuators disclosed herein and variations thereof where no activecomponent (e.g., the electromagnetic actuator) is implanted beneath theskin (it is instead located in an external device), and the implantablepart is, for instance a magnetic pressure plate. Some embodiments of thepassive transcutaneous bone conduction systems are configured for usewhere the vibrator (located in an external device) containing theelectromagnetic actuator is held in place by pressing the vibratoragainst the skin of the recipient. In an exemplary embodiment, animplantable holding assembly is implanted in the recipient that isconfigured to press the bone conduction device against the skin of therecipient. In other embodiments, the vibrator is held against the skinvia a magnetic coupling (magnetic material and/or magnets beingimplanted in the recipient and the vibrator having a magnet and/ormagnetic material to complete the magnetic circuit, thereby coupling thevibrator to the recipient).

More specifically, FIG. 1B is a perspective view of a transcutaneousbone conduction device 100B in which embodiments can be implemented.

FIG. 1A also illustrates the positioning of bone conduction device 100Brelative to outer ear 101, middle ear 102 and inner ear 103 of arecipient of device 100. As shown, bone conduction device 100 ispositioned behind outer ear 101 of the recipient. Bone conduction device100B comprises an external component 140B and implantable component 150.The bone conduction device 100B includes a sound input element 126B toreceive sound signals. As with sound input element 126A, sound inputelement 126B may comprise, for example, a microphone, telecoil, etc. Inan exemplary embodiment, sound input element 126B may be located, forexample, on or in bone conduction device 100B, on a cable or tubeextending from bone conduction device 100B, etc. Alternatively, soundinput element 126B may be subcutaneously implanted in the recipient, orpositioned in the recipient's ear. Sound input element 126B may also bea component that receives an electronic signal indicative of sound, suchas, for example, from an external audio device. For example, sound inputelement 126B may receive a sound signal in the form of an electricalsignal from an MP3 player electronically connected to sound inputelement 126B.

Bone conduction device 100B comprises a sound processor (not shown), anactuator (also not shown) and/or various other operational components.In operation, sound input device 126B converts received sounds intoelectrical signals. These electrical signals are utilized by the soundprocessor to generate control signals that cause the actuator tovibrate. In other words, the actuator converts the electrical signalsinto mechanical vibrations for delivery to the recipient's skull.

In accordance with some embodiments, a fixation system 162 may be usedto secure implantable component 150 to skull 136. As described below,fixation system 162 may be a bone screw fixed to skull 136, and alsoattached to implantable component 150.

In one arrangement of FIG. 1B, bone conduction device 100B is a passivetranscutaneous bone conduction device. That is, no active components,such as the actuator, are implanted beneath the recipient's skin 132. Insuch an arrangement, the active actuator is located in externalcomponent 140B, and implantable component 150 includes a magnetic plate,as will be discussed in greater detail below. The magnetic plate of theimplantable component 150 vibrates in response to vibration transmittedthrough the skin, mechanically and/or via a magnetic field, that aregenerated by an external magnetic plate.

In another arrangement of FIG. 1B, bone conduction device 100B is anactive transcutaneous bone conduction device where at least one activecomponent, such as the actuator, is implanted beneath the recipient'sskin 132 and is thus part of the implantable component 150. As describedbelow, in such an arrangement, external component 140B may comprise asound processor and transmitter, while implantable component 150 maycomprise a signal receiver and/or various other electroniccircuits/devices.

FIG. 2 is an embodiment of a bone conduction device 200 in accordancewith an embodiment corresponding to that of FIG. 1A, illustrating use ofa percutaneous bone conduction device. Bone conduction device 200,corresponding to, for example, element 100A of FIG. 1A, includes ahousing 242, a vibratory electromagnetic actuator 250, a couplingassembly 240 that extends from housing 242 and is mechanically linked tovibratory electromagnetic actuator 250. Collectively, vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 250 and coupling assembly 240 form a vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly 280. Vibratory actuator-coupling assembly 280is suspended in housing 242 by spring 244. In an exemplary embodiment,spring 244 is connected to coupling assembly 240, and vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 250 is supported by coupling assembly 240.

FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a transcutaneous boneconduction device 300 according to an embodiment that includes anexternal device 340 (corresponding to, for example, element 140B of FIG.1B) and an implantable component 350 (corresponding to, for example,element 150 of FIG. 1B). The transcutaneous bone conduction device 300of FIG. 3 is a passive transcutaneous bone conduction device in that avibratory electromagnetic actuator 342 is located in the external device340. Vibratory electromagnetic actuator 342 is located in housing 344 ofthe external component, and is coupled to plate 346. Plate 346 may be inthe form of a permanent magnet and/or in another form that generatesand/or is reactive to a magnetic field, or otherwise permits theestablishment of magnetic attraction between the external device 340 andthe implantable component 350 sufficient to hold the external device 340against the skin of the recipient.

In an exemplary embodiment, the vibratory electromagnetic actuator 342is a device that converts electrical signals into vibration. Inoperation, sound input element 126 converts sound into electricalsignals. Specifically, the transcutaneous bone conduction device 300provides these electrical signals to vibratory actuator 342, or to asound processor (not shown) that processes the electrical signals, andthen provides those processed signals to vibratory electromagneticactuator 342. The vibratory electromagnetic actuator 342 converts theelectrical signals (processed or unprocessed) into vibrations. Becausevibratory electromagnetic actuator 342 is mechanically coupled to plate346, the vibrations are transferred from the vibratory actuator 342 toplate 346. Implanted plate assembly 352 is part of the implantablecomponent 350, and is made of a ferromagnetic material that may be inthe form of a permanent magnet, that generates and/or is reactive to amagnetic field, or otherwise permits the establishment of a magneticattraction between the external device 340 and the implantable component350 sufficient to hold the external device 340 against the skin of therecipient. Accordingly, vibrations produced by the vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 342 of the external device 340 are transferredfrom plate 346 across the skin to plate 355 of plate assembly 352. Thiscan be accomplished as a result of mechanical conduction of thevibrations through the skin, resulting from the external device 340being in direct contact with the skin and/or from the magnetic fieldbetween the two plates. These vibrations are transferred withoutpenetrating the skin with a solid object such as an abutment as detailedherein with respect to a percutaneous bone conduction device.

As may be seen, the implanted plate assembly 352 is substantiallyrigidly attached to a bone fixture 341 in this embodiment. Plate screw356 is used to secure plate assembly 352 to bone fixture 341. Theportions of plate screw 356 that interface with the bone fixture 341substantially correspond to an abutment screw discussed in someadditional detail below, thus permitting plate screw 356 to readily fitinto an existing bone fixture used in a percutaneous bone conductiondevice. In an exemplary embodiment, plate screw 356 is configured sothat the same tools and procedures that are used to install and/orremove an abutment screw (described below) from bone fixture 341 can beused to install and/or remove plate screw 356 from the bone fixture 341(and thus the plate assembly 352).

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a transcutaneous boneconduction device 400 according to another embodiment that includes anexternal device 440 (corresponding to, for example, element 140B of FIG.1B) and an implantable component 450 (corresponding to, for example,element 150 of FIG. 1B). The transcutaneous bone conduction device 400of FIG. 4 is an active transcutaneous bone conduction device in that thevibratory actuator 452 is located in the implantable component 450.Specifically, a vibratory element in the form of vibratory actuator 452is located in housing 454 of the implantable component 450. In anexemplary embodiment, much like the vibratory actuator 342 describedabove with respect to transcutaneous bone conduction device 300, thevibratory actuator 452 is a device that converts electrical signals intovibration.

External component 440 includes a sound input element 126 that convertssound into electrical signals. Specifically, the transcutaneous boneconduction device 400 provides these electrical signals to vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 452, or to a sound processor (not shown) thatprocesses the electrical signals, and then provides those processedsignals to the implantable component 450 through the skin of therecipient via a magnetic inductance link. In this regard, a transmittercoil 442 of the external component 440 transmits these signals toimplanted receiver coil 456 located in housing 458 of the implantablecomponent 450. Components (not shown) in the housing 458, such as, forexample, a signal generator or an implanted sound processor, thengenerate electrical signals to be delivered to vibratory actuator 452via electrical lead assembly 460. The vibratory electromagnetic actuator452 converts the electrical signals into vibrations.

The vibratory electromagnetic actuator 452 is mechanically coupled tothe housing 454. Housing 454 and vibratory actuator 452 collectivelyform a vibratory element 453. The housing 454 is substantially rigidlyattached to bone fixture 341.

Some exemplary features of the vibratory electromagnetic actuator usablein some embodiments of the bone conduction devices detailed hereinand/or variations thereof will now be described in terms of a vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator used in the context of the percutaneous boneconduction device of FIG. 1A. It is noted that any and/or all of thesefeatures and/or variations thereof may be utilized in transcutaneousbone conduction devices such as those of FIGS. 1B, 3 and 4 and/or othertypes of prostheses and/or medical devices and/or other devices, atleast with respect to enabling utilitarian performance thereof. It isalso noted that while the embodiments detailed herein are detailed withrespect to an electromagnetic actuator, the teachings associatedtherewith are equally applicable to electromagnetic transducers thatreceive vibrations and output a signal indicative of the vibrations, atleast unless otherwise noted. In this regard, it is noted that use ofthe term actuator herein also corresponds to transducer, and vice-versa,unless otherwise noted.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a vibratory actuator-couplingassembly 580, which can correspond to vibratory actuator-couplingassembly 280 detailed above. The vibratory actuator-coupling assembly580 includes a vibratory electromagnetic actuator 550 and a couplingassembly 540. Coupling assembly 540 includes a coupling 541 mounted oncoupling shaft 543. Additional details pertaining to the couplingassembly are described further below with respect to the embodiment ofFIG. 6A.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, vibratory electromagnetic actuator 550includes a bobbin assembly 554 and a counterweight assembly 555. Asillustrated, bobbin assembly 554 includes a bobbin 554A and a coil 554Bthat is wrapped around a core 554C of bobbin 554A. In the illustratedembodiment, bobbin assembly 554 is radially symmetrical.

Counterweight assembly 555 includes spring 556, permanent magnets 558Aand 558B, yokes 560A, 560B and 560C, and spacer 562. Spacer 562 providesa connective support between spring 556 and the other elements ofcounterweight assembly 555 just detailed. Spring 556 connects bobbinassembly 554 via spacer 524 to the rest of counterweight assembly 555,and permits counterweight assembly 555 to move relative to bobbinassembly 554 upon interaction of a dynamic magnetic flux, produced bybobbin assembly 554.

Coil 554B, in particular, may be energized with an alternating currentto create the dynamic magnetic flux about coil 554B. Conversely,permanent magnets 558A and 558B generate a static magnetic flux. Thesepermanent magnets 558A and 558B are part of counterweight assembly 555,which also includes yokes 560A, 560B and 560C. The yokes 560A, 560B and560C can be made of a soft iron in some embodiments.

As may be seen, vibratory electromagnetic actuator 550 includes twoaxial air gaps 570A and 570B that are located between bobbin assembly554 and counterweight assembly 555. With respect to a radiallysymmetrical bobbin assembly 554 and counterweight assembly 555, such asthat detailed in FIG. 5, air gaps 570A and 570B extend in the directionof relative movement between bobbin assembly 554 and counterweightassembly 555, indicated by arrow 500A.

Further as may be seen in FIG. 5, the vibratory electromagnetic actuator550 includes two radial air gaps 572A and 572B that are located betweenbobbin assembly 554 and counterweight assembly 555. With respect to aradially symmetrical bobbin assembly 554 and counterweight assembly 555,the air gap extends about the direction of relative movement betweenbobbin assembly 554 and counterweight assembly 555. As may be seen inFIG. 5, the permanent magnets 558A and 558B are arranged such that theirrespective south poles face each other and their respective north polesface away from each other. It is noted that in an alternate embodiment,the reverse can be the case (respective north poles face towards eachother and respective south poles face away from each other).

In the electromagnetic actuator of FIG. 5, the radial air gaps 572A and572B close static magnetic flux between the bobbin 554A and the yokes560B and 560C, respectively. Further, axial air gaps 570A and 570B closethe static and dynamic magnetic flux between the bobbin 554A and theyoke 560A. Accordingly, in the radially symmetrical device of FIG. 5,there are a total of four (4) air gaps.

It is noted that the electromagnetic actuator of FIG. 5 is a balancedactuator. In alternate configuration a balanced actuator can be achievedby adding additional axial air gaps above and below the outside ofbobbin 554B (and in some variations thereof, the radial air gaps are notpresent due to the addition of the additional axial air gaps). In suchan alternate configuration, the yokes 560B and 560C are reconfigured toextend up and over the outside of bobbin 554B (the geometry of thepermanent magnets 558A and 558B and/or the yoke 560A might also bereconfigured to achieve utility of the actuator).

Some embodiments of a balanced electromagnetic transducer will now bedescribed that utilize fewer air gaps than the configuration of FIG. 5and the alternate variations as described above. In some exemplaryembodiments, the electromagnetic actuator (balanced and/or unbalanced,as detailed below) is achieved by providing functionality to a resilientelement, such as by way of example and not by way of limitation, aspring, beyond that which is normally associated therewith. Embodimentsdetailed herein are detailed with respect to a spring. It is noted,however, that in alternate embodiments of these embodiments and/orvariations thereof, the disclosure of spring also corresponds to thedisclosure of a resilient element. More particularly, not only does thespring provide resilient elasticity concomitant with the traditional useof the spring, but the spring also provides a conduit for magnetic flux(static and/or dynamic). In an exemplary embodiment utilizing a springhaving such functionality, one or more of the above mentioned air gapswith respect to the embodiment of FIG. 5 (e.g. the radial air gaps) areeliminated and/or one or more of the soft iron parts utilized in thatembodiment are not utilized in this exemplary embodiment.

More particularly, it is noted that the balance electromagnetic actuatorof FIG. 5 relies on at least four air gaps (while the embodiment of FIG.5 is depicted as including two axial air gaps and two radial air gaps,other balance electromagnetic actuators utilize four axial air gaps). Anexemplary embodiment includes a spring having dual functionality as atraditional spring, on the one hand, and a conduit for magnetic flux, onthe other hand, such that at least one or two of the air gaps of theembodiment of FIG. 5 can eliminated. Functionality according to a“traditional spring” includes, for example, an device that elasticallydeforms/moves from its unloaded position when pushed or pulled orpressed (i.e., subjected to load) and then returns to its originalshape/returns to is unloaded position when the pushing, pulling orpressing is removed (load is removed).

In this regard, in some embodiments, there is an electromagneticactuator that is balanced that has only two air gaps (both axial airgaps) owing to the fact that the spring(s) replaces two of the radialair gaps. That is, the magnetic flux is conducted through spring(s)instead of through air gaps. An exemplary embodiment of such will now bedescribed, followed by some exemplary descriptions of some alternateembodiments.

FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view of a vibratory actuator-couplingassembly 680, which can correspond to vibratory actuator-couplingassembly 280 detailed above.

Coupling assembly 640 includes a coupling 641 in the form of a snapcoupling configured to “snap couple” to an anchor system on therecipient. As noted above with reference to FIG. 1, the anchor systemmay include an abutment that is attached to a fixture screw implantedinto the recipient's skull and extending percutaneously through the skinso that snap coupling 341 can snap couple to a coupling of the abutmentof the anchor system. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6A, coupling641 is located at a distal end—relative to housing 242 if vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly 680 were installed in bone conduction device200 of FIG. 2 (i.e., element 680 being substituted for element 280 ofFIG. 2)—of a coupling shaft 643 of coupling assembly 640. In anembodiment, coupling 641 corresponds to coupling described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/177,091 assigned to Cochlear Limited. Inyet other embodiments, alternate couplings can be used.

Coupling assembly 640 is mechanically coupled to vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 650 configured to convert electrical signalsinto vibrations. In an exemplary embodiment, vibratory electromagneticactuator 650 (and/or any vibratory electromagnetic actuator detailedherein and/or variations thereof) corresponds to vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 250 or vibratory electromechanical actuator 342or vibratory electromechanical actuator 452 detailed above, and,accordingly, in some embodiments, the teachings detailed above and/orvariations thereof with respect to such actuators are included in thegenus of devices, genus of systems and/or genus of methods of utilizingthe vibratory electromagnetic actuator 650 and/or any vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator detailed herein and/or variations thereof. Thisis further detailed below.

In operation, sound input element 126A (FIG. 1A) converts sound intoelectrical signals. As noted above, the bone conduction device providesthese electrical signals to a sound processor which processes thesignals and provides the processed signals to the vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 650 (and/or any other electromagnetic actuatordetailed herein and/or variations thereof—it is noted that unlessotherwise specified, any teaching herein concerning a given embodimentis applicable to any variation thereof and/or any other embodimentand/or variations thereof), which then converts the electrical signals(processed or unprocessed) into vibrations. Because vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 650 is mechanically coupled to couplingassembly 640, the vibrations are transferred from vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 650 to coupling assembly 640 and then to therecipient via the anchor system (not shown).

As noted, the teachings detailed herein and/or variations thereof withrespect to any given electromagnetic transducer are not only applicableto a percutaneous bone conduction device such as that according to theembodiment of FIG. 2, but also to a transcutaneous bone conductiondevice such as those according to embodiments of FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. Inthis regard, the electromagnetic transducers detailed herein and/orvariations thereof can be substituted for the vibratory actuator 342 ofthe embodiment of FIG. 3 and the vibratory actuator 452 of theembodiment of FIG. 4. Accordingly, some embodiments include an activetranscutaneous bone conduction device having the electromagnetictransducers detailed herein and/or variations thereof. Also, someembodiments include a passive transcutaneous bone conduction devicehaving the electromagnetic transducers detailed herein and/or variationsthereof. It is further again noted that other medical devices and/orother devices can utilize the electromagnetic transducers detailedherein and/or variations thereof.

As illustrated in FIG. 6A, vibratory electromagnetic actuator 650includes a bobbin assembly 654, a counterweight assembly 655 andcoupling assembly 640. For ease of visualization, FIG. 6B depicts bobbinassembly 654 separately. As illustrated, bobbin assembly 654 includes abobbin 654A and a coil 654B that is wrapped around a core 654C of bobbin654A. In the illustrated embodiment, bobbin assembly 654 is radiallysymmetrical (i.e., symmetrical about the longitudinal axis 699.

FIG. 6C illustrates counterweight assembly 655 separately, for ease ofvisualization. As illustrated, counterweight assembly 655 includessprings 656 and 657, permanent magnets 658A and 658B, yoke 660A, andcounterweight mass 670. Springs 656 and 657 connect bobbin assembly 654to the rest of counterweight assembly 655, and permit counterweightassembly 655 to move relative to bobbin assembly 654 upon interaction ofa dynamic magnetic flux, produced by bobbin assembly 654. In thisregard, with reference back to FIG. 6A, spring 656 includes a flexiblesection 690 that is not directly connected to any component of thebobbin assembly 654 or to any component of the counterweight assembly655 that flexes, as will be further detailed below. Along these lines,spring 656 can be directly adhesively bonded, riveted, bolted, welded,etc., directly to the bobbin assembly 654 and/or to any component of thecounterweight assembly 655 so as to hold the components together/incontact with one another such that embodiments detailed herein and/orvariations thereof can be practiced. Any device, system or method thatcan be utilized to connect the components of the vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly can be utilized in at least some of theembodiments detailed herein and/or variations thereof.

As can be seen, the two permanent magnets 658A and 658B respectivelydirectly contact the springs 656 and 657. That is, there is no yoke orother component (e.g., in the form of a ring) interposed between themagnets and the springs. Accordingly, the magnetic flux generated by themagnets flows directly into the springs without passing through anintermediary component or without passing through a gap. However, it isnoted that in an alternate embodiment, there can be an intermediarycomponent, such as a yoke or the like. Further, in some embodiments,there can be a gap between the magnets and the springs.

The dynamic magnetic flux is produced by energizing coil 654B with analternating current. The static magnetic flux is produced by permanentmagnets 658A and 658B of counterweight assembly 655, as will bedescribed in greater detail below. In this regard, counterweightassembly 655 is a static magnetic field generator and bobbin assembly654 is a dynamic magnetic field generator. As may be seen in FIGS. 6Aand 6C, hole 664 in spring 656 provides a feature that permits couplingassembly 641 to be rigidly connected to bobbin assembly 654.

It is noted that while embodiments presented herein are described withrespect to a bone conduction device where counterweight assembly 655includes permanent magnets 658A and 658B that surround coil 654 b andmoves relative to coupling assembly 640 during vibration of vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 650, in other embodiments, the coil may belocated on the counterweight assembly 655 as well, thus adding weight tothe counterweight assembly 655 (the additional weight being the weightof the coil).

As noted, bobbin assembly 654 is configured to generate a dynamicmagnetic flux when energized by an electric current. In this exemplaryembodiment, bobbin 654A is made of a soft iron. Coil 654B may beenergized with an alternating current to create the dynamic magneticflux about coil 654B. The iron of bobbin 654A is conducive to theestablishment of a magnetic conduction path for the dynamic magneticflux. Conversely, counterweight assembly 655, as a result of permanentmagnets 658A and 658B, in combination with yoke 660A and springs 656(this feature being described in greater detail below), at least theyoke, in some embodiments, being made from soft iron, generate, due tothe permanent magnets, a static magnetic flux. The soft iron of thebobbin and yokes may be of a type that increases the magnetic couplingof the respective magnetic fields, thereby providing a magneticconduction path for the respective magnetic fields.

FIG. 7 depicts a portion of FIG. 6A. As may be seen, vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 650 includes two axial air gaps 770A and 770Bthat are located between bobbin assembly 654 and counterweight assembly655. As used herein, the phrase “axial air gap” refers to an air gapthat has at least a component that extends on a plane normal to thedirection of primary relative movement (represented by arrow 600A inFIG. 6A—more on this below) between bobbin assembly 654 andcounterweight assembly 655 such that the air gap is bounded by thebobbin assembly 654 and counterweight assembly 655 in the direction ofrelative movement between the two.

Accordingly, the phrase “axial air gap” is not limited to an annular airgap, and encompasses air gaps that are formed by straight walls of thecomponents (which may be present in embodiments utilizing bar magnetsand bobbins that have a non-circular (e.g. square) core surface). Withrespect to a radially symmetrical bobbin assembly 654 and counterweightassembly 655, cross-sections of which are depicted in FIGS. 6A-7, airgaps 770A and 770B extend in the direction of relative movement betweenbobbin assembly 654 and counterweight assembly 655, air gaps 770A and770B are bounded as detailed above in the “axial” direction. Withrespect to FIG. 7, the boundaries of axial air gap 770B are defined bysurface 754B of bobbin 654A and surface 760B of yoke 660A.

It is noted that the primary direction of relative motion of thecounterweight assembly of the electromagnetic transducer is parallel tothe longitudinal direction of the electromagnetic transducer, and withrespect to utilization of the transducers in a bone conduction device,normal to the tangent of the surface of the bone 136 (or, moreaccurately, an extrapolated surface of the bone 136) local to the bonefixtures. It is noted that by “primary direction of relative motion,” itis recognized that the counterweight assembly may move inward towardsthe longitudinal axis of the electromagnetic actuator owing to theflexing of the springs (providing, at least, that the spring does notstretch outward, in which case it may move outward or not move in thisdimension at all), but that most of the movement is normal to thisdirection.

Further as may be seen in FIG. 7, in contrast to the device of FIG. 5,the vibratory electromagnetic actuator 650 includes no radial air gapslocated, for example, between bobbin assembly 654 and counterweightassembly 655. As used herein, the phrase “radial air gap” refers to anair gap that has at least a component that extends on a plane normal tothe direction of relative movement between bobbin assembly 654 andcounterweight assembly 655 such that the air gap is bounded by bobbinassembly 654 and counterweight assembly 655 in a direction normal to theprimary direction of relative movement between the two (represented byarrow 600A in FIG. 6A). Accordingly, in some exemplary embodiments, dueto the feature of the conductive springs 656 and 657, the radial airgaps of the configuration of FIG. 5 are not utilized in the embodimentof FIG. 6A and variations thereof, and, in some embodiments andvariations thereof, there are no additional axial air gaps than thosedepicted in FIG. 6A.

As can be seen in FIG. 7, the permanent magnets 658A and 658B arearranged such that their respective south poles face each other andtheir respective north poles face away from each other. It is noted thatin other embodiments, the respective south poles may face away from eachother and the respective north poles may face each other.

FIG. 8A is a schematic diagram detailing the respective static magneticflux 880 and static magnetic flux 884 of permanent magnets 658A and658B, and dynamic magnetic flux 882 of coil 654B in vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly 680 when coil 654B is energized according toa first current direction and when bobbin assembly 654 and counterweightassembly 655 are at a balance point with respect to magnetically inducedrelative movement between the two (hereinafter, the “balance point”).That is, while it is to be understood that the counterweight assembly655 moves in an oscillatory manner relative to the bobbin assembly 654when the coil 654B is energized, there is an equilibrium point at thefixed location corresponding to the balance point at which thecounterweight assembly 654 returns to relative to the bobbin assembly654 when the coil 654B is not energized.

FIG. 8B is a schematic diagram detailing the respective static magneticflux 880 and static magnetic flux 884 of permanent magnets 658A and658B, and dynamic magnetic flux 886 of coil 654B in vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly 680 when coil 654B is energized according toa second current direction (a direction opposite the first currentdirection) and when bobbin assembly 654 and counterweight assembly 655are at a balance point with respect to magnetically induced relativemovement between the two.

It is noted that FIGS. 8A and 8B do not depict the magnitude/scale ofthe magnetic fluxes. In this regard, it is noted that in someembodiments, at the moment that coil 654B is energized and when bobbinassembly 654 and counterweight assembly 655 are at the balance point,relatively little, if any, static magnetic flux flows through the core654C of the bobbin 654A/the space 654D (see FIG. 6B) in the coil 654B(the space 654D being formed as a result of the coil 654B being woundabout, and at least partially filled by, the core 654C of the bobbin654A). Accordingly, FIGS. 8A and 8B depict this fact. However, duringoperation, the amount of static magnetic flux that flows through thecore increases as the bobbin assembly 654 travels away from the balancepoint (both downward and upward away from the balance point) anddecreases as the bobbin assembly 654 travels towards the balance point(both downward and upward towards the balance point). Still, the amountthat travels through the core is minimal compared to the amount thetravels through the respective air gaps. In this regard, static magneticflux circuits 880 and 884 as depicted in FIG. 8A represent an idealstatic magnetic flux path, where it is to be understood that magneticflux, albeit relatively limited quantities, can also travel outside thisideal path.

As can be seen from FIGS. 8A and 8B, the static magnetic flux and thedynamic magnetic flux all cross the same air gaps, and there are no airgaps crossed by the static magnetic flux that are not cross by thedynamic magnetic flux, at least with respect to the ideal paths of thestatic magnetic flux and the dynamic magnetic flux.

It is noted that the directions and paths of the static magnetic fluxand dynamic magnetic flux are representative of some exemplaryembodiments, and in other embodiments, the directions and/or paths ofthe fluxes can vary from those depicted.

As may be seen from FIGS. 8A and 8B, axial air gaps 770A and 770B closestatic magnetic flux circuits 880 and 884. It is noted that the phrase“air gap” refers to a gap between the component that produces a staticmagnetic field and a component that produces a dynamic magnetic fieldwhere there is a relatively high reluctance but magnetic flux stillflows through the gap. The air gap closes the magnetic field. In anexemplary embodiment, the air gaps are gaps in which little to nomaterial having substantial magnetic aspects is located in the air gap.Accordingly, an air gap is not limited to a gap that is filled by air.

Still with reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B, it is noted that staticmagnetic flux circuits 880 and 884 each constitute closed fluxpaths/closed circuits. These paths/circuits are considered herein to be“local circuits” in that they are local to the individual permanentmagnets that generate the circuit. As can be seen, each closed staticmagnetic flux path depicted in FIGS. 8A and 8B travels across no morethan one air gap. That said, it is noted that in some embodiments or inpotentially all embodiments, there is a static magnetic flux thattravels across both air gaps. Such a scenario can exist in the case oftrace flux and/or in the case of movement of the counterweight assembly655 from the balance point, where some of the flux from one magnettravels through one air gap and some flux travels through another airgap. Without being bound by theory, such can exist in the scenario wherethe static magnetic flux also travels through the core of the bobbin.Still, even in such a scenario, there is a closed static magnetic fluxpath that travels across only one air gap. The path, however, isconsidered herein to be a “global” circuit as it extends outside thelocal circuit owing to, for example, its travels through the core of thebobbin.

FIGS. 8A and 8B clearly depict that the static magnetic flux generatedby the counterweight assembly 655 travels across only two air gaps. Thisis as contrasted to the embodiment of FIG. 5, where the generated staticmagnetic flux crosses four air gaps. In this regard, an exemplaryembodiment includes a balanced electromagnetic transducer where only twoair gaps are present.

As can be seen from the figures, the dynamic magnetic flux also crossesboth air gaps. In an exemplary embodiment, neither the dynamic magneticflux nor the static magnetic flux crosses an air gap at the other doesnot cross.

Referring now to FIG. 9A, the depicted magnetic fluxes 880, 882 and 884of FIG. 8A will magnetically induce movement of counterweight assembly655 downward (represented by the direction of arrow 900 a in FIG. 9A)relative to bobbin assembly 654 so that vibratory actuator-couplingassembly 680 will ultimately correspond to the configuration depicted inFIG. 9A. More specifically, vibratory electromagnetic actuator 650 ofFIG. 6A is configured such that during operation of vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 650 (and thus operation of bone conductiondevice 200), an effective amount of the dynamic magnetic flux 882 and aneffective amount of the static magnetic flux (flux 880, flux 884 and/ora combination of flux 880 and 884) flow through at least one of axialair gaps 770A and 770B sufficient to generate substantial relativemovement between counterweight assembly 655 and bobbin assembly 654.

As used herein, the phrase “effective amount of flux” refers to a fluxthat produces a magnetic force that impacts the performance of vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 650, as opposed to trace flux, which may becapable of detection by sensitive equipment but has no substantialimpact (e.g., the efficiency is minimally impacted) on the performanceof the vibratory electromagnetic actuator. That is, the trace flux willtypically not result in vibrations being generated by theelectromagnetic actuators detailed herein and/or typically will notresult in the generation electrical signals in the absence of vibrationinputted into the transducer.

Further, as may be seen in FIGS. 8A and 8B, the static magnetic fluxesenter bobbin 654A substantially only at locations lying on and parallelto a tangent line of the path of the dynamic magnetic fluxes 882.

As may be seen from FIGS. 8A and 8B, the dynamic magnetic flux isdirected to flow within the area sandwiched by the springs 656 and 657.In particular, no substantial amount of the dynamic magnetic flux 882 or886 passes through or into springs 656. Further, no substantial amountof the dynamic magnetic flux 882 or 886 passes through the two permanentmagnets 658A and 658B of counterweight assembly 655. Moreover, as may beseen from the FIGs., the static magnetic fluxes (880, 884 and/or acombination of the two) is produced by no more than two permanentmagnets 658A and 658B.

It is noted that the schematics of FIGS. 8A and 8B represent respectiveinstantaneous snapshots while the counterweight assembly 655 is movingin opposite directions (FIG. 8A being downward movement, FIG. 8B beingupward movement), but both when the bobbin assembly 654 andcounterweight assembly 655 are at the balance point.

As counterweight assembly 655 moves downward relative to bobbin assembly654, as depicted in FIG. 9A, the span of axial air gap 770A increasesand the span of axial air gap 770B decreases. This has the effect ofsubstantially reducing the amount of effective static magnetic fluxthrough axial air gap 770A and increasing the amount of effective staticmagnetic flux through axial air gap 770B. However, in some embodiments,the amount of effective static magnetic flux through springs 656 and 657collectively substantially remains about the same as compared to theflux when counterweight assembly 655 and bobbin assembly 654 are at thebalance point. (Conversely, as detailed below, in other embodiments theamount is different.) Without being limited by theory, this is believedto be the case because the deflection of the springs 656 and 657 iswithin parameters that do not result in a significant change in springorientation that substantially impacts the amount of effective staticmagnetic flux through the springs. That is, the springs do notsubstantially impact the flow of magnetic flux.

Upon reversal of the direction of the dynamic magnetic flux, the dynamicmagnetic flux will flow in the opposite direction about coil 654B.However, the general directions of the static magnetic flux will notchange. Accordingly, such reversal will magnetically induce movement ofcounterweight assembly 655 upward (represented by the direction of arrow900B in FIG. 9B) relative to bobbin assembly 654 so that vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly 680 will ultimately correspond to theconfiguration depicted in FIG. 9B. As counterweight assembly 655 movesupward relative to bobbin assembly 654, the span of axial air gap 770Bincreases and the span of axial air gap 770A decreases. This has theeffect of reducing the amount of effective static magnetic flux throughaxial air gap 770B and increasing the amount of effective staticmagnetic flux through axial air gap 770A. However, the amount ofeffective static magnetic flux through the springs 656 does not changedue to a change in the span of the axial air gaps as a result of thedisplacement of the counterweight assembly 655 relative to the bobbinassembly 654 for the reasons detailed above with respect to downwardmovement of counterweight assembly 655 relative to bobbin assembly 654.

As can be seen from FIGS. 9A and 9B, the springs 656 and 657 deform withtransduction of the transducer (e.g., actuation of the actuator).Accordingly, at least a portion of the static magnetic flux flowsthrough solid material that deforms during transduction by theelectromagnetic transducer. This as contrasted to the flow of staticmagnetic flux through, for example, the yokes of the embodiment of FIG.5, where the yokes do not deform during actuation (transduction).

Referring back to FIG. 5, it can be seen that the embodiments thereofutilizes yokes 560B and 560C to establish the radial air gaps betweenthe yokes and the bobbin assembly 354. That is, the embodiment of FIG. 5utilizes three separate yokes (including yoke 560A). Conversely, theembodiment of FIG. 6A utilizes only one yoke (it is noted that thedepictions of FIGS. 6A to 6C are cross-sectional views of a rotationallysymmetric vibratory electromagnetic actuator, and thus yoke 660A is inthe form of a ring). Note further that in the case of a balancedactuator that utilizes only axial air gaps, it has been heretofore knownto utilize yokes that extend above and below (with respect to theorientation of FIG. 5) the bobbin assembly. Accordingly, an exemplaryembodiment provides for a balance electromagnetic actuator having feweryokes.

Note further that the reduction of such components can have utility inthat manufacturing tolerance buildup is not as significant of a factoras it might otherwise have been. That is, in the embodiment of FIG. 6A,tolerance buildup affecting the axial air gaps could be limited to thetolerances of the permanent magnet 658B (or permanent magnet 658A) andthe yoke 600A. This can have utility in that the size of the axial airgaps can be reduced relative to that which would be utilized to accountfor tolerance buildup with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 5. This isbecause there would be less tolerance uncertainty in the embodiment ofFIG. 6A.

In some embodiments of the embodiment of FIG. 6A, it is relativelyeasier to align the various components of the actuator as compared tothe implementation of embodiments according to FIG. 5. The potential fortilting of the counterweight assembly components relative to the bobbinassembly components and/or vice-versa is lower relative to thatassociated with embodiments according to FIG. 5. Such tilting can causethe air gaps, especially the radial air gaps, to collapse or otherwisebe reduced in width, such that a deleterious effect on the performanceof the actuator results. Along these lines, embodiments according toFIG. 6A need not account for as much tilt relative to one another asembodiments corresponding to FIG. 5 to avoid contact (such as contactwhile the actuators are vibrating). Still further, because of thereduced span of the flexible portion of the springs relative toembodiments corresponding to FIG. 5, the assemblies are less likely totilt relative to one another/the assemblies are more resistant totilting (i.e., for a given force that causes tilting, the embodiment ofFIG. 6A tilts less than the embodiment of FIG. 5). Accordingly, theaxial air gaps can be less wide in embodiments corresponding to FIG. 6Athan in the embodiments corresponding to FIG. 5, all other things beingequal. This can have utility in that the relative efficiency of theactuator can be greater than it otherwise might have been.

Accordingly, in an exemplary embodiment, there is an electromagnetictransducer that is configured such that an angle of tilt between thebobbin assembly and the counterweight assembly is about 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% and/or any value or range of valuestherebetween in about 1% increments (e.g., about 56%, about 88% to about94%, etc.) for a given tilt force, of that which would be present in anelectromagnetic transducer according to the embodiment of FIG. 5 andvariations thereof, all other things being equal.

Still further, it is noted that the substitution of the springs for theair gaps also reduces or otherwise eliminates any need to control orotherwise adjusts the size of those air gaps during manufacturing, ifonly because those air gaps are no longer present. In this regard, withrespect to FIG. 5, it is clear that a high degree of concentricity mustexist with respect to the bobbin assembly and the counterweight assemblywith respect to the radial air gaps. Tolerance buildups alone createdifficulty in manufacturing the actuator. Further, there is a highdegree of precision required to fit the bobbin assembly into thecounterweight assembly. With respect to actuators that utilize fouraxial air gaps, the tolerance buildups create difficulty inmanufacturing the actuator. Because of the reduction in the number ofair gaps according to the embodiment of FIG. 6 as compared to that ofFIG. 5 and the variations thereof, the number of “controlled dimensions”that impact performance of the actuator are reduced, at least ascompared to an actuator having four air gaps, all other things beingequal.

Additionally, it is noted that in some embodiments utilizing a spring toclose the static magnetic flux, larger axial air gaps can be utilizedthan those of the embodiment of FIG. 5, all other things being equal. Inan exemplary embodiment, this can enable a larger tilt angle between thecounterweight assembly and the bobbin assembly without having onecomponent contact the other component as compared to that according tothe embodiment of FIG. 5, all other things being equal. Morespecifically, in an exemplary embodiment, there is an electromagnetictransducer that is configured such that an angle of tilt between thebobbin assembly and the counterweight assembly resulting in contactbetween the two components, as referenced from the same relativepositions (e.g., at the balance point, the top of the transductionmotion, the bottom of the transduction motion, etc.) is about 105%,110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145% or 150% and/or any valueor range of values therebetween in about 1% increments (e.g., about116%, about 121% to about 138%, etc.) of that which would be present inan electromagnetic transducer according to the embodiment of FIG. 5 andvariations thereof, all other things being equal.

The embodiments of FIGS. 6A-9B detailed above include the use of twoseparate springs 656 and 657 as conduits of the static magnetic flux andno radial air gaps. In an alternate embodiment, only one spring is used(either the top or the bottom spring) as a conduit of static magneticflux (but two or more springs may be present—the additional springsbeing utilized for their traditional resilient purposes), and in theplace of the other spring, a radial air gap located between bobbinassembly 654 and counterweight assembly 655 is utilized to close thestatic magnetic flux. It is noted that in an alternate embodiment, twoor more springs can be utilized as conduits for static magnetic fluxalong with one or two or more radial air gaps.

More particularly, FIG. 10 depicts an alternate embodiment of avibratory actuator-coupling assembly 1080, that utilizes both a spring656 and a radial air gap 1072A to close the static magnetic flux, wherelike reference numbers correspond to the components detailed above. Ascan be seen, bobbin assembly 1054 includes a bobbin that has arms 1054Aand 1054B that are different from one another, with arm 1054Bcorresponding to the bottom arm of the bobbin 654A of FIG. 6A. However,arm 1054A extends further in the lateral direction than arm 1054B, andarm 1054A is “thicker” in the longitudinal direction than arm 1054B, atleast with respect to the portions closest to counterweight assembly1055.

As can be seen, permanent magnets 1058A and 1058B are of a differentgeometry than the permanent magnets of the embodiment of FIG. 6A. Moreparticularly, in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 10, the permanentmagnets 1058A and 1058A are shorter than the permanent magnets of FIG.6A. Also, the permanent magnets 1058A and 1058B are of the sameconfiguration, although in other embodiments, different configurationscan be utilized. In this regard, depending on the path of the magneticfluxes, different sized permanent magnets (i.e., magnets of differentstrength) can be utilized to obtain a balanced vibratory actuator.

Referring still to FIG. 10, it can be seen that yokes 1060B and 1060Chave been added in addition to yoke 1060A (which corresponds to yoke660A of FIG. 6A). The magnetic flux generated by permanent magnet 1058Bflows through yoke 1060A and bobbin assembly 1054 and spring 656 in amanner substantially the same as that detailed above with respect to theembodiment of FIGS. 6A-9B, with the exception that the flux also flowsthrough yoke 1060C. With regard to the flow of flux through yoke 1060C,the flux flows in a substantially linear manner therethrough (i.e.,vertically into and out of yoke 1060C). Conversely, the magnetic fluxgenerated by permanent magnet 1058A flows through yoke 1060B and bobbinassembly 1054A in a manner more akin to the flux of permanent magnet558A of FIG. 5. In at least general terms, the flux enters yoke 1060B ina vertical direction, and then arcs to a generally horizontal directionto leave the yoke 1060B and enter arm 1054A of bobbin assembly 1054across radial air gap 1072A. In this regard, radial air gap 1072Agenerally corresponds to the radial air gap between yoke 560B and bobbin554A of FIG. 5. The flux then arcs from the horizontal direction to thevertical direction to flow into yoke 1060A across axial air gap 470A.(It is noted that the just described flux flows would be reversed formagnets having an opposite polarity than that which would result in thejust described flow. In some embodiments any direction of magnetic fluxflow can be utilized, providing that the teachings detailed hereinand/or variations thereof can be practiced.)

It is noted that in the embodiment of FIG. 10, a number of thecomponents are depicted as being symmetrical and/or are identical to oneanother (albeit some are reversed). However, in other embodiments theconfigurations of the components can be varied. By way of example onlyand not by way of limitation, because of the presence of radial air gap1072A at the “top” of the actuator and the absence of such an air gap atthe “bottom” of the actuator (while there is a gap, the gap isrelatively much larger than the radial air gap 1072A at the top(although in other embodiments, this is not the case) and little to nomagnetic flux flows through that gap (instead the flux flows through thespring), and thus it is not an air gap), there may be utilitarian valuein utilizing a permanent magnet 1058A that is stronger than permanentmagnet 1058B and/or utilizing a yoke 1060B that is different from yoke1060C, etc., at least if such results in a balanced actuator. Indeed, insome embodiments, the bottom yoke 1060C might be eliminated, and anelongated permanent magnet 1058B and/or the geometry of yoke 1060A beingsubstituted in its place. With regard to the latter scenario, while theembodiment of yoke 1060A is depicted as being symmetrical, otherembodiments can include a yoke that is not symmetrical, at least inorder to compensate for any flux path discrepancies resulting fromutilizing the spring 656 on the bottom and the radial air gap 1072A onthe top.

It is noted that the distance spanning the radial air gap 1060B can beset during design so as to result in a utilitarian balanced actuator.Alternatively, or in addition to this, the properties of the spring 656can be set during design to achieve such a balanced actuator. (Exemplaryproperties of the spring 656 that can be set during design are describedbelow.) In this regard, owing to the fact that there is no correspondingradial air gap at the bottom of the actuator, in an exemplaryembodiment, there is a relationship between the distance of the air gap1072A and the thickness of the spring 656 that exists such that withrespect to other parameters, a balance actuator is achieved.

While the embodiment of FIG. 10 includes a radial air gap located at thetop but not at the bottom, in an alternative embodiment the radial airgap and the corresponding componentry is located at the bottom insteadof the top (and the spring and corresponding componentry is located atthe top).

As noted above, the embodiment of FIG. 10 utilizes yokes positioned atboth the north and south Poles of the permanent magnets, as opposed tothe embodiment of FIG. 6A, which utilizes a yoke only at the north orsouth poles of the permanent magnets. In an exemplary embodiment, yokescan be positioned on both sides of the permanent magnets (i.e.,interposed between the permanent magnets and the respective springs,along with a yoke (or more than one yoke) interposed between the twopermanent magnets. Any configuration and/or flux path flow that can beutilized to practice embodiments detailed herein and/or variationsthereof can be utilized in some embodiments.

Referring back to FIG. 6A, because of the elimination of correspondingair gaps via use of springs 656 and 657 to close the static magneticflux, the tendency of such eliminated air gaps to collapse iscorrespondingly effectively eliminated, and, in an exemplary embodiment,the spring constant need not be as high as might be the case inembodiments that utilize four axial air gaps, such as that detailedabove with respect to FIG. 5 and variations thereof.

As can be seen from the embodiments illustrated in the figures, allpermanent magnets of counterweight assembly 655 that are configured togenerate the static magnetic fluxes 880 and 884 are located to the sidesof the bobbin assembly 655. Along these lines, such permanent magnetsmay be annular permanent magnets with respective interior diameters thatare greater than the maximum outer diameter of the bobbin 654A, whenmeasured on the plane normal to the direction (represented by arrow 900Ain FIG. 9A) of the generated substantial relative movement of thecounterweight assembly 655 relative to the bobbin assembly 654, asillustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B. Conversely, in an alternate embodiment,some or all of the permanent magnets of counterweight assembly 655 thatare configured to generate the static magnetic fluxes are located aboveand/or below the bobbin assembly 655.

In some embodiments, the configuration of the counterweight assembly 655reduces or eliminates the inaccuracy of the distance (span) betweenfaces of the components forming the air gaps that exists due to thepermissible tolerances of the dimensions of the permanent magnets. Inthis regard, in some embodiments, the respective spans of the axial airgaps 770A and 770B, when measured when the bobbin assembly 654 and thecounterweight assembly 655 are at the balance point, are not dependenton the thicknesses of the permanent magnets 658A and 658B as compared tothe embodiment of FIG. 5 and/or variations thereof, all other thingsbeing equal.

It is noted that while the surfaces creating the radial air gap of FIG.10 are depicted as uniformly flat, in other embodiments, the surfacesmay be partitioned into a number of smaller mating surfaces. It isfurther noted that the use of radial air gap 1072A permits relative easeof inspection of the radial air gaps from the outside of the vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 650, in comparison to, for example absence ofthe radial air gap.

FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary alternate embodiment of a vibratoryactuator, one that is unbalanced, as will now be described.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a vibratory actuator-couplingassembly 1180, which can correspond to vibratory actuator-couplingassembly 280 detailed above. Like reference numbers corresponding toelements detailed above will not be addressed.

As illustrated in FIG. 11, vibratory electromagnetic actuator 1150includes a bobbin assembly 1154 connected to coupling assembly 640 viaspring 656. Reference numeral 1190 indicates the flexible section of thespring 656, a section of the spring which flexes because, in thisembodiment, it is not directly connected to any component of the bobbinassembly or to any component of the yoke 1160. It is noted that in someembodiments, yoke 1160 can flex to a certain degree, and thus thosesections of spring 655 that are connected to the flexing portions ofyoke 1160 also flex. Accordingly, section 1190 can extend into thesection attached to yoke 1160 in some embodiments. It can be seen thatmass 670 is attached to bobbin 1154A of bobbin assembly 1154. In theembodiment of FIG. 11, the bobbin assembly 1154 also functionally servesas a counterweight assembly. (It is noted that the embodiments detailedabove likewise can be configured in alternate variations such that thebobbin assembly, or at least portions thereof, functionally correspondto the counterweight.)

Spring 656 permits the bobbin assembly 1154 and mass 670 to moverelative to yoke 1160 and coupling assembly 640, which is connectedthereto, upon interaction of a dynamic magnetic flux, produced by bobbinassembly 1154 upon energizement of coils 1154B. More particularly, adynamic magnetic flux is produced by energizing coil 1154B with analternating current. The dynamic magnetic flux is not shown, but itparallels the static magnetic flux 1180 produced by permanent magnet1158A of the bobbin assembly. That is, in an exemplary embodiment, thedynamic magnetic flux, if depicted, would be located at the same placeas the depicted static magnetic flux 1180, with the exception that thearrow heads would change direction depending on the alternation of thecurrent.

In this regard, bobbin assembly 1154 is both a static magnetic fieldgenerator and a dynamic magnetic field generator.

The functionality and configuration of the elements of the embodiment ofFIG. 11 (and FIG. 12 detailed below) can correspond to that of thecorresponding functional elements of one or more or all of the otherembodiments detailed herein.

Vibratory electromagnetic actuator 1150 includes a single axial air gap1170 that is located between bobbin assembly 1154 and yoke 1160. In thisregard, the spring 656 is utilized to close both the static and dynamicmagnetic flux, and both fluxes are closed through the same air gap 1170(and thus a single air gap 1170).

It is noted that the directions and paths of the static magnetic fluxes(and thus by description above, the dynamic magnetic fluxes) arerepresentative of some exemplary embodiments, and in other embodiments,the directions and/or paths of the fluxes can vary from those depicted.

As noted above, coupling assembly 640 is attached (either directly orindirectly) to yoke 1160. Without being bound by theory, yoke 1160, insome embodiments, channels the fluxes into and/or out of (depending onthe alternation of the current and/or the polarity direction of thepermanent magnet 1158A) the bobbin assembly so as to achieve utilitarianfunctionality of the vibratory electromagnetic actuator 1150. It isnoted that in an alternate embodiment, yoke 1160 is not present (i.e.,the fluxes enter and/or exit or at least substantially enter and/or exitthe spring 656 from/to the bobbin assembly 1154).

As can be seen, the flux enters and/or exits magnet 1158A directly fromor to spring 656. Conversely in an alternate embodiment this is not thecase. In this regard, FIG. 12 depicts an alternate embodiment of avibratory electromagnetic actuator 1250 of a vibratory actuator-couplingassembly 1280, where the fluxes enter and/or exit a further axial airgap 1171. Reference numeral 1290 indicates the flexible section of thespring 655, corresponding to flexible section 1190 detailed above.

Still with reference to FIG. 12, it can be seen that the gap between theyoke 1160 and the bobbin 1254 is smaller than the gap between spring 656and permanent magnet 1258A. This is done to account for tilting of thebobbin assembly/counterweight assembly relative to the coupling assembly640. In this regard, the distance moved as a result of relative tiltingbetween the assemblies of the vibratory actuator-coupling assembly 1280will typically be greater with increasing distance away from thelongitudinal axis. In this regard, the larger gap between the permanentmagnet 1258A and spring 656 as compared to the gap between the yoke 1160and the bobbin 1254 accounts for this phenomenon, thus reducing and/oreliminating the likelihood that these components contact each otherduring tilting. In some exemplary embodiments, in an un-energizedactuator, the gap between the yoke 1160 and the bobbin 1254 is about 60microns, and the gap between the spring 656 and the permanent magnet1258A is about 250 microns. That said, in an alternate embodiment,because of the resilient nature of the spring 656, in an exemplaryembodiment, the width of the gaps may be equal. Without being bound bytheory, in an exemplary embodiment, the resiliency of the spring 656reduces and/or eliminates potential deleterious effects of contactbetween the spring and the permanent magnet. Of course, with respect tothe embodiment of FIG. 11, where the permanent magnet 1158A is securedto spring 656, there is no gap between these two components at all.Accordingly, in an exemplary embodiment, there is a transducer wherethere is no meaningful discrepancy between the widths of the air gapsduring operation thereof.

In view of the above, embodiments detailed herein and/or variationsthereof can enable a method of transducing energy. In an exemplaryembodiment of this method there is the action of moving thecounterweight assembly 655 relative to the bobbin assembly 654A in anoscillatory manner. This action is such that during the movement of thetwo assemblies relative to one another, there is interaction of adynamic magnetic flux and a static magnetic flux (e.g. at the air gaps).An exemplary method further includes the action of directing the staticmagnetic flux along a closed circuit that in its totality extends acrossone or more air gaps. In an exemplary embodiment, this action is suchthat all of the one or more air gaps have respective widths that varywhile the static magnetic flux is so directed and interacting with thedynamic magnetic flux. This action is further qualified by the fact thatif there is more than one air gap present in the closed-circuit (e.g.,the embodiment of FIG. 12, as compared to for example the embodiment ofFIG. 6A or the embodiment of FIG. 11), a rate of change of variation ofthe width of one of the air gaps of the closed-circuit is different fromthat of at least one of the other air gaps of the closed-circuit. Alongthese lines, it can be seen from FIG. 12 that the air gap between thespring and the permanent magnet will vary in width at a different ratethan that of the air gap between the yoke and the bobbin. This is incontrast to, for example, the embodiment of FIG. 5, where the closedstatic magnetic flux crosses two air gaps, where the width of one of theair gaps (i.e. the radial air gap) does not vary while the staticmagnetic flux interacts with the dynamic magnetic flux. Further, in anexemplary embodiment, the amount of width variation of the air gapbetween the spring and the permanent magnet will vary by a differentamount than that of the air gap between the yoke and the bobbin.

At least some embodiments detailed herein and/or variations thereofenable a method to be practiced where static magnetic flux is directedalong a path that extends through a solid body while the solid bodyflexes (e.g., the embodiment of FIGS. 6A, 10, 11 and 12).

It is noted that some exemplary embodiments include any device, systemand/or method where static and/or magnetic flux travels through a springin a manner that eliminates an air gap due to the use of the spring insuch a manner. Along these lines, it is noted that unless otherwisespecified, any of the specific teachings detailed herein and/orvariations thereof can be applicable to any of the embodiments detailedherein and/or variations thereof unless otherwise specified.

The elimination of some or all of the radial and/or axial air gaps viathe use of, for example, a spring to close the magnetic flux, can makethe actuator more efficient as compared to other actuators that insteadutilize corresponding radial and/or axial air gaps. In this regard, airgaps can present substantial magnetic reluctances. The relativereduction and/or elimination of such magnetic reluctance to make theactuator more efficient relative to an actuator utilizing such air gaps.In an exemplary embodiment, this can permit smaller permanent magnets tobe used/weaker permanent magnets to be used while obtaining the sameefficacy as an actuator utilizing such air gaps, all other things beingequal. In an exemplary embodiment, the mass of the permanent magnetsand/or strength of the permanent magnets, all other things being equal,is about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or about 95%,and/or is about any value or range of values therebetween in about 1%increments (e.g., 61%, 66% to 94%, etc.) of that for an actuatorutilizing such air gaps, all other things being equal.

Different performance parameters can be obtained by varying designparameters of a given actuator, and thus obtaining an actuator havingsuch design parameters. For example, varying the mechanical stiffness ofthe springs (k) varies the resonance frequency of the actuator. Varyingthe magnetic flux conductive properties of the springs varying theamount of magnetic flux that can be conducted by the springs. In someexemplary embodiments of balance electromagnetic actuators detailedherein and/or variations thereof, one or more or all of the springs onlyeffectively conduct static magnetic flux. That is, little to no dynamicmagnetic flux is conducted by the spring(s) (any dynamic magnetic fluxconducted by the springs only amounts to trace amounts of flux). In anexemplary embodiment, the springs are made of a material that have ahigh saturation flux density, and the magnetic permeability of thematerial is generally unspecified (e.g. it can be within a range fromand including low to high permeability, at least providing that thespring has a sufficiently high saturation flux density to accept thestatic magnetic flux, which does not vary, in contrast to the dynamicmagnetic flux).

Without being bound by theory, it is believed that in at least someexemplary embodiments, embodiments of the electromagnetic transducersutilizing springs as flux conduits detailed herein and/or variationsthereof can be designed based on an understanding that while thespring(s) constitute bottlenecks for the static magnetic flux, these arebottlenecks that do not change with performance of the transducer. Thatis, designing the actuators can be optimized and rendered more efficientthan those of, for example, the embodiment of FIG. 5 and variationsthereof, provided that this understanding is taken into account. Alongthese lines, because a given flux saturation of the spring does not varywith movement of the counterweight assembly (i.e. changing widths of theaxial air gaps), once the amount of expected static magnetic flux isdetermined, the spring can be designed to account for the staticmagnetic flux, with the knowledge that the expected static magnetic fluxwill not vary with respect to operational extremes of the transducer.Put another way, the static magnetic flux generated by the permanentmagnets is constant. It is the fact that the path has variables thatvary with operation of the transducer (i.e., the air gaps) that impartuncertainty into expected static magnetic flux values. By replacing atleast some of the air gaps with the springs, this uncertainty isreduced. That is, the amount of static magnetic flux that a given springof a given geometry can accept and still enable the transducer tooperate in a utilitarian manner is fixed. It does not change withoperation of the transducer. Accordingly, any need to address this“uncertainty” during the design process is not present with respect totransducers utilizing springs to close the static magnetic flux.Additionally, without being bound by theory, by saturating the springswith static magnetic flux, dynamic magnetic flux is less likely totravel therethrough, and this it is more likely to retained sandwichedbetween the springs.

Moreover, the use of springs as conduits of the static magnetic fluxavoid the possibility of “air gap collapse” because there is no air gapsto collapse. In this regard, the magnetic reluctance through a spring isgenerally constant, and, in contrast, the reluctance across an air gapvaries with the width of the air gap. Still further, with respect toradial air gaps that have widths that do not vary, there is still achange in the reluctance across such gaps (e.g., due to imperfections inthe alignment of the counterweight assembly and the bobbin assembly,movement away from the alignment during movement of the counterweightassembly upward and/or downward relative to the bobbin assembly, etc.).Accordingly, the reluctance across a spring does not change as much asthe change reluctance across even a radial air gap.

In some exemplary embodiments, the effective spring thickness and/or theeffective spring radius are varied during design so as to obtainutilitarian spring stiffnesses and utilitarian spring magnetic fluxproperty. By effective spring thickness, it is meant the thickness of across-section of the flexible portion of the spring lying on a planeparallel to and lying on the longitudinal axis of the actuator (i.e.,the axis aligned with the direction of movement of the bobbin assembly(counterweight assembly) relative to the bobbin assembly). By effectivespring radius, it is meant the distance from the longitudinal axis tothe location at which the spring contacts structure of thebobbin/counterweight assembly (where it no longer flexes), adjusted forthe fact that the area around the longitudinal axis does not flex (dueto, for example, the coupling 640 and/or the yoke 1160). That is, theterm “effective” addresses the fact that there are portions of thespring that are present but do not flex during energizement of theactuator. By varying the effective spring thickness and the effectivespring radius, a wide range of spring stiffnesses can be achieved for awide range of magnetic fluxes that travel through the spring. In thisregard, if a spring thickness of, for example 0.3 mm is utilitarian toachieve a utilitarian magnetic flux therethrough, the effective radiusof the spring can be varied (e.g., by varying the distance of theflexible section 1190 during design to obtain a utilitarian springstiffness for that thickness without substantially impacting theutilitarian nature of the magnetic flux, and visa-versa.

It is noted at this time that in an exemplary embodiment, thethicknesses of the springs of the embodiments detailed herein and/orvariations thereof can be about 0.05 mm, 0.1 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.25mm, 0.3 mm, 0.35 mm or about 0.4 mm or any value or range of valuesbetween these values in 0.01 mm increments (e.g., about 0.22 mm, about0.17 mm to about 0.33 mm, etc.). Any spring thickness that can enablethe teachings detailed herein and/or variations thereof to be practicedcan be utilized in some embodiments. Further in this regard any springgeometry can be utilized as well. Along these lines, while a springhaving a circular circumference has been the focus of the embodimentsdetailed herein, springs having a square circumference, a rectangularcircumference, or an oval circumference etc., can be utilized in someembodiments.

It is noted that in an exemplary embodiment, the diameters of theelectromagnetic transducers according to the embodiments herein and/orvariations thereof can be about 8 mm with respect to the balancetransducers and about 11 mm with respect to the unbalanced transducers.In some exemplary embodiments, the diameters of the electromagnetictransducers can be about 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, 11 mm, 12 mm orabout 13 mm in length and/or a length of any value or range of valuestherebetween in about 0.1 mm increments (e.g., about 7.8 mm, 6.7 mm toabout 11.2 mm, etc.).

It further noted that in an exemplary embodiment, the seismic mass ofthe transducers detailed herein and/or variations thereof, totals about6 g, and the amount of that mass made up by the permanent magnetscorresponds to about 0.3 g. By seismic mass, it is meant the mass of thecomponents that move relative to the portions of the transducer that arefixed to the much more massive object into which were from which thevibrations travel. Accordingly in an exemplary embodiment, the ratio ofthe mass of the permanent magnets to the total seismic mass of thetransducer is about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08,0.09, or about 0.10 or any value or range of values therebetween inabout 0.002 increments (e.g., about 0.053, about 0.041 to about 0.064,etc.).

Without being bound by theory, in an exemplary embodiment, utilizationof the springs as a conduit for the magnetic flux enables the permanentmagnets to be made smaller, as the flux generated by those permanentmagnets is more efficiently conducted through the components of thetransducer. In this regard, air gaps present a feature that frustrates,to an extent, the efficient conduction of the flux through thetransducer. The elimination of the air gaps by replacement thereof bythe springs enables smaller (e.g., less powerful magnets to be used) ascompared to the transducer that utilizes air gaps instead of springs toclose the magnetic field, all other things being.

An exemplary embodiment includes placing holes through one or more orall of the springs of the actuator to “fine-tune” the stiffness and/ormagnetic flux properties of the spring(s). Accordingly, an exemplaryembodiment includes springs having holes (circular, oval, arcuate etc.)therethrough. Some embodiments of these exemplary embodiments includethrough holes while other embodiments of these exemplary embodimentsinclude tools that do not pass all the way through the spring.Accordingly by varying the depth of these holes, the stiffness and/ormagnetic flux properties can be further fine-tuned. It is thereforenoted that a method of manufacture of the actuators detailed hereinand/or variations thereof includes fine-tuning the stiffness and/ormagnetic flux properties of a spring along these lines.

In at least some exemplary embodiments, the actuators in general, andthe springs in particular, are configured such that during all operatingconditions (e.g., such as those conditions pertaining to the operationof a bone conduction device to talk a hearing percept), the springsremain magnetically saturated. In an exemplary embodiment, this enablesthe magnetic flux passing through the springs to be substantially if notcompletely independent of the respective magnetic field. Accordingly, anexemplary embodiment is such that the magnetic flux through the springsdoes not substantially vary with variations in the axial air gap sizeduring operation (e.g., during utilization of the actuator in a boneconduction device to invoke a hearing percept). In an exemplaryembodiment, this provides utility in that the risk of air gap collapseis reduced as compared to actuators that do not have such features,where air gap collapse can occur when the magnetic force is strongerthan the restoring mechanical spring force.

In an exemplary embodiment, the spring is made out of materials thathave a relatively high yield strength or otherwise can withstand thestresses exposed to the spring during normal operation of the vibratoryactuators (e.g. such as utilization of the actuators in a boneconduction device to invoke a hearing percept), and also a relativelyhigh magnetic induction. By way of example only and not by way oflimitation, materials having yield stresses of about 400, 450, 475, 500,515, 525, 530, 535, 540, 545, 550, 555, 560, 565, 570, 575, 580, 600,625, 650 and/or about 700 MPa and/or any value or range of valuestherebetween in at least 0.1 MPa increments (e.g., 523.7 MPa, 515-585MPa, etc.) can be used for the spring. Also by way of example only andnot by way of limitation, materials having magnetic flux saturation ofabout 0.5 T, 0.6 T, 0.7 T, 0.8 T, 0.9 T, 1.0 T, 1.1 T, 1.2 T, 1.3 T, 1.4T, 1.5 T, 1.6 T, 1.7 T, 1.8 T, 1.9 T, 2.0 T, 2.1 T, 2.2 T, 2.3 T, 2.4 Tand/or 2.5 T and/or any value or range of values therebetween in atleast 0.01 T increments can be used for the spring. An exemplarymaterial is Hiperco® Alloy 27.

It is noted that in some embodiments, the static flux through thesprings 656 and/or 657 is substantially constant (including constant)through the range of movements of the counterweight assembly 655relative to the bobbin assembly 654. Without being bound by theory, itis believed that this is due to magnetic flux saturation, where bylimiting the flux density, the magnetic force is correspondinglylimited. This can prevent and/or otherwise reduce the risk of axial airgap collapse relative to a transducer utilizing air gaps to close thestatic magnetic flux, all other things being equal.

In an exemplary embodiment, the springs are configured and dimensionedsuch that the reluctance across one spring is effectively the same asthe reluctance across the other spring through the range of movements ofthe counterweight assembly relative to the bobbin assembly. In anexemplary embodiment utilizing a spring and a radial air gap (e.g.,according to the embodiment of FIG. 10), the spring and the radial airgap are configured and dimensioned such that the reluctance across thespring is effectively the same as the reluctance across the air gapthrough the range of movements of the counterweight assembly relative tothe bobbin assembly. Accordingly, to the extent that reluctance variesin some embodiments, in some embodiments, as reluctance varies in onespring, the reluctance will vary in the same way at the other spring.Also accordingly, to the extent that reluctance varies in someembodiments, in some embodiments, as reluctance varies in one spring,the reluctance will vary in the same way at the radial air gap, and viceversa.

FIGS. 13A and 13B are isometric views of a vibratory actuator-couplingassembly 1380, which can correspond to vibratory actuator-couplingassembly 280 detailed above, where the vibratory electromagneticactuator 1350 thereof can be used as the transducers of the activetranscutaneous bone conduction device or the passive transcutaneous boneconduction device detailed above with some modification. Briefly, theembodiment of FIGS. 13A and 13B include an electromagnetic circuitincluding four (4) air gaps. In some embodiments, there are only 4 airgaps, no more, no less. The electromagnetic circuit includes fourdifferent magnetic flow paths, two for static magnetic flux, and two fordynamic magnetic flux. The static flow is essentially horizontal in twoplanes, upper and lower. The dynamic paths are essentially vertical intwo planes, front and back. The two dynamic flux paths are separatedfrom each other. In some exemplary embodiments, this enables the dynamicfluxes to be adjusted or otherwise set for different frequencies, onefor high frequencies and one for lower frequencies. Both circuits canwork for all frequencies. Each static magnetic flux can be generated bya plurality of magnets. In an exemplary embodiment, the same two magnetsare utilized to generate both of the static magnetic fluxes. Indeed, insome embodiments, the same single magnet can be used to generate two ormore fields. That said, in some embodiments, each static magnetic fluxis respectively generated by respective different magnets. Anyarrangement of magnets can generate the magnetic fluxes can be used insome embodiments. The dynamic flow paths do not pass through thepermanent magnets in some embodiments.

More specifically, the vibratory actuator-coupling assembly 1380includes a vibratory electromagnetic actuator 1350 and a couplingassembly 1340, which can correspond to coupling assembly 240 above. Asillustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B, vibratory electromagnetic actuator1350 includes a plurality of bobbin assemblies established by yokes 1754and coils 1753 that are wrapped around the yokes 1754 and acounterweight assembly that includes a counterweight 1755, although inother embodiments, a counterweight is not utilized, and the yokes thatare utilized to conduct the magnetic fluxes are sufficient for thecounterweight (the yokes that conduct a magnetic fluxes are describedbelow).

FIG. 14 depicts a side view of the vibratory actuator-coupling assembly1380. Superimposed thereon are arrows 1499. Arrows 1499 depict themovement of the counterweight assembly in general, and the counterweight1755 in particular, during transduction. In this regard, instead ofmoving upward and downward as is the case with respect to thecounterweight assembly of the embodiment of FIG. 5, for example, thecounterweight assembly of the vibratory actuator-coupling assembly 1380moves in a rotating manner about the center of rotation indicated by thecircle in FIG. 14. Thus, the counterweight assembly has both anup-and-down component to the movement during transduction and aninboard-and-outboard component to the movement during transduction. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 14, the up-and-down component is the majorcomponent of the movement, and the inboard-and-outboard component is theminor component of the movement. This is because the amount of movementin the inboard direction (from the static position (the position in FIG.14)) (i.e., the movement in the X axis with respect to the frame ofreference of FIG. 14) is less than the amount of movement in the upwardor downward direction (i.e., the Y axis with respect to the frame ofreference of FIG. 14), both from the static position. FIGS. 15 and 16present side views of the vibratory actuator-coupling assembly 1380,superimposed upon which are cross-section indicators for sections A-A,B-B, C-C, D-D and E-E. Some additional details and operating features ofthe vibratory actuator-coupling assembly 1380 will now be described withrespect to these cross-sections.

FIG. 17A depicts a cross-section A-A of FIG. 15, and FIG. 17B depicts across-section BB of FIG. 15. As can be seen, the vibratoryelectromagnetic actuator 1350 includes permanent magnets 1758, yokes1760, and yokes 1754, along with coils 1753-5, 1753-6, 1753-1 and 1853-2(hereinafter, coils 1753 unless a specific coil is being referred to inthe discussion) which are respectively wound about respective yokes1754, the just mentioned coils corresponding to the coils on the topportion of the vibratory electromagnetic actuator (top with respect toFIG. 14). Also as can be seen, the vibratory electromagnetic actuator1350 includes coils 1753-7, 1753-8, 1753-3 and 1753-4, the justmentioned coils corresponding to the coils on the bottom of thevibratory electromagnetic actuator (bottom with respect to FIG. 14). Inan exemplary embodiment, the respective coils, yokes, and magnets thatestablish the top static magnetic flux (magnetic flux 1784) are alignedwith the respective coils, yokes and magnets that establish the bottomstatic magnetic flux (magnetic flux 1780). In this regard, thecomponents that establish the top magnetic flux are mirror images of thecomponents that establish the bottom magnetic flux, and are symmetricalabout a plane that is normal to the longitudinal axis, and haverespective locations (e.g., the most inboard and topmost portion of theyoke 1754 closest to the longitudinal axis, the most outboard andtopmost portion of the yoke 1754 closest to the longitudinal axis, etc.)that are all located the same distance away from the longitudinal axis1498 and the same distance away from the aforementioned plane. However,as will be noted below, in some exemplary embodiments, the componentsare not symmetrical. By way of example only and not by way oflimitation, the coils 1753 can have different configurations.

It is briefly noted that with respect to the term top and bottom as usedin reference to FIG. 14, the top corresponds to the portion of thevibratory actuator-coupling assembly that is closer to the skin than thebottom portion when the vibratory actuator-coupling assembly is attachedto the percutaneous abutment which is attached to the recipient. This isthe opposite of what is depicted in FIG. 5.

Spring 1756 connects a first portion of the counterweight assembly tothe second portion of the counterweight assembly (i.e., with respect tothe frame of reference of FIG. 17A, the left counterweight portion andthe right counterweight portion) and permits movement of the left andright portions relative to one another in a symmetrical fashion aboutthe longitudinal axis 1498 of the vibratory actuator-coupling assembly1380 during transduction.

The coils 1753 can be energized in a manner that will be described ingreater detail below with an alternating current to create the dynamicmagnetic flux 1782 and dynamic magnetic flux 1783, which can be moreclearly seen in FIGS. 17C and D, and will be described below.Conversely, respective permanent magnets 1758 generate the staticmagnetic flux 1780 and the static magnetic flux 1784 as can be seen. Thetwo static magnetic fluxes 1780 and 1784 are respectively conducted viathe respective yokes 1760 and 1754, and cross air gaps 1772. The twostatic magnetic fluxes travel in planes normal to the longitudinal axis1498 of the assembly, and the two dynamic magnetic fluxes travel inplanes that are parallel to the longitudinal axis 1498. With respect tothe embodiment of FIGS. 15 and 16, it is noted that some of thecomponents depicted in FIGS. 17A and 17B that conduct the staticmagnetic fluxes are separate components with respect to the respectivestatic magnetic fluxes, while the same components are used to generateboth fluxes. However, in some other embodiments, different componentsare used to generate the fluxes. That is, the components that generatethe static magnetic flux 1780 depicted in FIG. 17A can instead bedifferent than the components that generate the static magnetic flux1784 depicted in FIG. 17B. Still, as seen in the figures, it is possiblethat some components can be shared between the separate static magneticfluxes, such as the yokes or magnets. Any arrangement that can enablethe teachings detailed herein and/or variations thereof to be practicedcan be utilized in at least some exemplary embodiments.

It is also noted that with respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 15 and 16,the components that generate and conduct the dynamic magnetic fluxes areseparate components with respect to the respective dynamic magneticfluxes. That is, the components that generate the dynamic magnetic flux1782 depicted in FIG. 17A are different than the components thatgenerate the dynamic magnetic flux 1783 depicted in FIG. 17B. Anyarrangement that can enable the teachings detailed herein and/orvariations thereof to be practiced can be utilized in at least someexemplary embodiments.

As can be seen, the static magnetic fluxes can share the same componentsas the dynamic magnetic fluxes.

While FIGS. 17A and 17B depict section cuts through the vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly that are normal to the longitudinal axis1498, FIGS. 17C and 17D are section cuts through the vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly that are parallel to the longitudinal axis1498, respectively corresponding to sections CC and DD. FIGS. 17C and17D depict yokes 1761, which respective yokes conducted the respectivestatic magnetic fluxes. FIGS. 17C and 17D also depict coils 1753-5,1753.6, 1753-7, 1753-8, 1753-1, 1753-2, 1753-3 and 1753-4, were likereference numbers for the coils in these latter figures correspond tothe like reference numbers for coils in FIGS. 17A and 17B (and FIG.17E).

FIG. 17D also depicts connecting rod 1720 that extends from couplingassembly 1740 to spring 1756, and is connected thereto by nuts 1730. Theconnecting rod 1720 transfers the force from the seismic mass to thecoupling assembly 1740 to provide the oscillatory force to impartvibrations to the recipient.

FIG. 17C depicts a first dynamic magnetic flux 1783, and FIG. 17Ddepicts a second dynamic magnetic flux 1782, those fluxes flowing in theplanes of those figures. Also as can be seen, the top static magneticflux 1780 and the bottom static magnetic flux 1784 are depicted as linesowing to the fact that the planes in which the static magnetic fluxesflow are normal to the plane in which FIGS. 17C and 17D lie. (Theopposite of what is depicted in FIGS. 17A and 17B, where the dynamicmagnetic fluxes are depicted as lines owing to the fact that the planesin which those magnetic fluxes flow are normal to the planes in whichthose figures lie, and where the static magnetic fluxes are depicted ascircuits owing to the fact that the planes in which those magneticfluxes flow are on the planes in which those figures lie.)

In an exemplary embodiment, the respective coils and yokes thatestablish the first dynamic magnetic flux (magnetic flux 1783) arealigned with the respective coils and yokes that establish the seconddynamic magnetic flux (magnetic flux 1782). In this regard, thecomponents that establish the first dynamic magnetic flux are mirrorimages of the components that establish the second dynamic magneticflux, and are symmetrical about a plane lying on the longitudinal axis1487 are all located the same distance away from the longitudinal axis1498 and the aforementioned plane. That said, in some alternateembodiments, as will be described below, the components are notsymmetrical. By way of example only and not by way of limitation, againas will be described in greater detail below, the coils 1753 can bedifferent for the first dynamic magnetic flux and the second dynamicmagnetic flux.

FIGS. 18A and 18B depict the planes in which the static magnetic fluxesand the dynamic magnetic fluxes travel, where the orientations of theplanes correspond to FIGS. 13B and 14, respectively. Plane 1782P is theplane of flux 1782, plane 1783P is the plane of flux 1783, plane 1780Pis the plane of flux 1780, and plane 1784P is the plane of flux 1784.

It is noted that in contrast to the embodiment of FIG. 5 above, thecomponents that generate the static magnetic flux and the dynamicmagnetic flux are all part of the counterweight assembly, whereas in theembodiment of FIG. 5, the components that generate the dynamic magneticflux are part of a static assembly that does not move duringtransduction or actuation (relative to the recipient when fixed to therecipient).

As can be seen, vibratory electromagnetic actuator 1350 includes four(4) air gaps 1722 in total. All of these air gaps are perpendicular tothe longitudinal axis 1498 (where the frame of reference here is thedirection of magnetic flux flow across the air gaps—the surfaces thatestablish the airgaps are all parallel to the longitudinal axis 1498).FIG. 17E depicts surfaces 1722L that form one side of all of the 4 airgaps. That is, FIG. 17E depicts a cross-sectional view taken alongsection E-E of FIG. 15. This shows surfaces 1722SL (L for leftcounterweight portion), which surfaces make up one side of the airgaps1722, where there is corresponding right surfaces making up the otherside of the airgaps.

It is briefly noted that the length and height of the surfaces 1722SLcan be about 1.5 to 3 mm and 0.5 to 2 mm, respectively (e.g., 2.25 mm by1.25 mm, etc.) or any value or range of values therebetween in about0.01 mm increments. Also, the distance across the air gaps 1722 is about30 to about 200 microns (the airgap width) or any value or range ofvalues therebetween in about 1 micron increments (e.g., 75, 100, 150, 50to 177 microns, etc.). In view of these latter dimensions, it is to beunderstood that the motion within the airgap will be relatively smallduring transduction of the actuator. In an exemplary embodiment, theamount of motion will correspond to about 5% to about 25% of the atrest/static distance of the airgap. That is the airgap will expand byabout 5% to about 25% of the at rest width and will contract by about 5%to about 25% of the at rest width. The amount of expansion andcontraction can be relative to the frequency at which the transducer isvibrating. For frequencies of about 4000 Hz, the change in the width ofthe airgap will be about 1 μm or less. For frequencies of about 600 to1000 Hz, the aforementioned percentages can be applicable. In anexemplary embodiment, the resonant frequency of the transducer will beabout 700 to about 800 Hz.

In the electromagnetic actuator of FIG. 14 and the related figures, theair gaps close static magnetic fluxes and the dynamic magnetic fluxesbetween the left portion and the right portion of the counterweightassembly.

It is noted that the electromagnetic actuator of FIG. 14 is a balancedactuator. In alternate configuration a balanced actuator can be achievedby adding additional axial air gaps or removing some air gaps (whichwould potentially require adjusting the locations/configurations of thesprings and the connecting components, etc., and could also potentiallyrequire passing the dynamic magnetic flux through one or more of thepermanent magnets). As will be described below, embodiments utilizingthe concept of the orthogonal fluxes include unbalanced actuators aswell.

It is noted that in some exemplary embodiments, one or more of thefeatures described above with respect to the embodiments of FIGS. 5-12are utilized with or otherwise found in vibratory actuator-couplingassemblies that utilize the orthogonal fluxes. Thus, in an exemplaryembodiment, there is a vibratory electromagnetic actuator that utilizesthe orthogonal fluxes detailed herein (whether two static magneticfluxes and two dynamic magnetic fluxes, more than two static magneticfluxes (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more), fewer than two staticmagnetic fluxes, more than two dynamic magnetic fluxes (3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, or more), or fewer than two dynamic magnetic fluxes.

In view of the above, it can be seen that in some embodiments, there isan electromagnetic transducer, such as the vibratory electromagneticactuator 1350 above, comprising a plurality of static flux paths (e.g.,the paths of fluxes 1780 and 1784, traveling on planes 1780P and 1784P),and a plurality of dynamic flux paths (e.g., the paths of fluxes 1782and 1783, traveling on planes 1782P and 1783P). The actuator has atleast two of the plurality of static flux paths lie in respective firstplanes parallel and offset from one another (e.g., offset in thedirection of axis 1498, by, for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 80, 90 or 100 mm or moreor less or in any value or range of values between any of these numbersin about 0.01 mm increments (e.g., the planes are anywhere from 4.43 mmto 12.12 mm away from each other, 10.10 mm away from each other, etc.).These later ranges, such as the hundred millimeters are unlikely to beutilized for a hearing prosthesis, but could be utilized for otherprosthetic devices or other nonmedical device devices. It is noted thatin some exemplary embodiments, such as with respect to micro-actuators,the planes are anywhere from 0.001 mm to 1 mm away from each otherwithin a range of values of 0.0001 mm increments or the planes arelocated within a range of numbers therebetween in the 0.001 mmincrements.

The actuator can also be configured such that at least two of theplurality of dynamic flux paths lie in respective second planes paralleland offset from one another (e.g., offset in the direction normal to theaxis 1498, by, for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 80, 90, or 100 mm or more or less or inany value or range of values between any of these numbers in about 0.01mm increments (e.g., the planes are anywhere from 5.41 mm to 11.11 mmaway from each other, 12.11 mm away from each other, etc.). It is notedthat in some exemplary embodiments, such as with respect tomicro-actuators, the planes are anywhere from 0.001 mm to 1 mm away fromeach other within a range of values of 0.0001 mm increments or theplanes are located within a range of numbers therebetween in the 0.001mm increments. In an exemplary embodiment, the first planes and thesecond planes are arrayed so as to establish at least a generaltic-tac-toe lattice, as can be seen in FIG. 18B.

It is also noted that while the planes of the static magnetic flux arerepresented as being orthogonal to the longitudinal axis 1498, in somealternative embodiments, the planes of the static magnetic flux areparallel to the longitudinal axis 1498, and the planes of the dynamicmagnetic flux are orthogonal to the longitudinal axis 1498. It is alsonoted that in at least some exemplary embodiments, a first plane caninclude a first static magnetic flux path, and a second plane parallelto the first plane can include a first dynamic magnetic flux path, and athird plane can include a second static magnetic flux path, and a fourthplane parallel to the third plane can include a second dynamic magneticflux path, where the first and third planes are orthogonal to oneanother. It is also noted that while the embodiments detailed abovedepict planes that are normal one another, in some alternateembodiments, the planes are angled relative to one another less than ormore than 90 degrees. Any arrangement that will enable the teachingsdetailed herein can be utilized in at least some exemplary embodiments.

It is also noted that in at least some exemplary embodiments, the fluxpaths do not travel on flat plains per se. In an exemplary embodiment,the flux paths can travel through a yoke assembly and/or a yoke andmagnet assembly that has a past that varies in three dimensions insteadof just two dimensions. By way of example only and not by way oflimitation, FIG. 18C presents such an exemplary arrangement, where 1780Path Alternate is the path through which flux 1780 travels, and 1784Path Alternate is the path through which flux 1784 travels, where theframe of reference of FIG. 18 C corresponds to FIG. 14. It can beunderstood that planes 1782P and 1783P can instead be replaced withcomparable configurations as well. Any arrangement that will enable theteachings detailed herein can be utilized in at least some exemplaryembodiments.

Also, in an exemplary embodiment, the aforementioned electromagnetictransducer can be configured such that a first static flux path of theplurality of static flux paths travels in the same clock direction as asecond of the static flux path of the plurality of static flux paths, asshown with respect to FIGS. 17A and 17B, and a first dynamic flux pathof the plurality of dynamic flux paths travels in an opposite clockdirection as a second of the dynamic flux path of the plurality ofdynamic flux paths when the first and second dynamic flux paths areenergized at the same time, as seen in FIGS. 17C and 17D. By “clockpath,” it is meant the clockwise direction or the counterclockwisedirection, were all directions are gauged from the same reference point(e.g., looking at the same side of the clock). In some exemplaryembodiments, the aforementioned electromagnetic transducer is such thatthe respective first planes and respective second planes are symmetricalabout a first reference plane parallel to and lying on a longitudinalaxis of the transducer. In this regard, with respect to FIG. 18B, theplane extending into and out of the page normal to the extent of thepage would be this first reference plane. In an exemplary embodiment,the aforementioned electromagnetic transducer is configured such thatthe respective first planes and respective second planes are orthogonalto a first reference plane parallel to and lying on a longitudinal axisof the transducer, where this reference plane is the plane of the pageof FIG. 18B.

Also, in an exemplary embodiment, the electromagnetic transducer furthercomprises an air gap (e.g., air gap 1722) across which at least one ofthe plurality of dynamic flux paths and at least one of the plurality ofstatic flux paths cross and those paths interact with each other so asto cause transduction. In this exemplary embodiment, the angularorientation of the facing surfaces (1722SL and the respective oppositesurfaces of the right side) that establish the air gap changes relativeto one another during transduction. Also, in an exemplary embodiment,the facing surfaces that establish the air gap extend in a plane that isparallel to a major direction of movement of a seismic mass of theelectromagnetic transducer (the direction of the longitudinal axis1498).

With respect to the aforementioned angular orientation changes, FIGS. 19and 20 depict this change with reference to the cross-sectional view ofFIG. 17D, with FIG. 19 depicting the major movement direction upward andFIG. 20 depicting the major movement direction downward (both withrespect to the at rest/non-energized position of FIG. 17D (although FIG.17D does depict the dynamic magnetic flux 1782—the locational featuresrepresented in FIG. 17D represent the moment that the transducer isenergized from a non-energized state, and thus movement has notcommenced due to the interactions of the dynamic and static magneticfluxes). In both figures, there is a movement in the minor directioninboard (relative to the at rest/non-energized position). Note that inFIG. 20, the direction of the dynamic magnetic flux 1782 is reversedfrom that in FIG. 19. While not shown, the direction of the dynamicmagnetic flux 1783 would also be reversed in FIG. 20 relative to thatwhich would be the case in FIG. 19. As can be seen, the angles of thesurfaces that establish the air gaps changes relative to one another.Also, as can be seen, the distance from a center plane of the surfacesof the air gap changes. The surfaces of the top air gap, 1722T move awayfrom each other relative to their at rest position, and the surfaces ofthe bottom air gap, 1722B, move towards each other relative to their atrest position. It is noted that with respect to various dimensions ofmovement with respect to the air gaps, movement is measured from thegeometric center of the surfaces of the air gap (FIG. 17E depicts thegeometric center GC of one of the surfaces). For example, while the topsof the surfaces move more than the bottoms of the surfaces away fromeach other in FIG. 20 vis-à-vis air gap 1722T, an apples to applescomparison with movement can be made relative to the bottom air gap1722B if the geometric center is used. In this regard, in an exemplaryembodiment, the air gaps are such that the distance between thegeometric centers of the services that establish their gaps increase anddecrease respectively, by the same amount, during transduction. Also, inan exemplary embodiment, the angular change increases and decreases bythe same amount for all the air gaps, during transduction. That said, inan alternate embodiment, where, for example, the transducer is notsymmetric about the plane normal to the longitudinal axis 1498, theamount of change in the distance between the geometric centers of thesurfaces can be different between the top air gap and the bottom air gapand/or the amount of change in the angular orientation between thesurfaces can be different between the top air gap in the bottom air gap.

It is noted that while the surfaces establishing the air gaps are planarand are parallel to each other when the transducer is in the at-restposition, in an alternate embodiment, the surfaces are obliquely angledrelative to one another in the at-rest position.

Thus, as can be seen, in an exemplary embodiment, both the angularorientation of the surfaces that establish the air gap and the distancebetween the respective geometric centers of the surfaces that establishtheir gap changes during transduction, albeit in this exemplaryembodiment, the angular orientation increases for both the top and thebottom air gaps while the distance increases for one and decreases forthe other during transduction.

Corollary to the above, it is to be noted that not only do the servicesthat establish the air gap changed relative to one another, the surfacesalso change relative to an axis parallel to a major direction ofmovement of a seismic mass of the electromagnetic transducer (e.g., thelongitudinal axis 1498). That said, in some exemplary embodiments, itcan be that only one of the two services change its angular orientationrelative to the aforementioned axis.

As seen from the above, an exemplary embodiment includes a prosthesiscomprising an electromagnetic actuator including two dynamic magneticflux circuits that are mechanically connected to each other, wherein theprosthesis is configured to be at least one of implanted in or worn on ahuman. Such embodiments are seen in FIGS. 17A and 17B, where thestructure that establishes the circuit of the dynamic magnetic flux 1782is mechanically connected to the structure that establishes the circuitof the dynamic magnetic flux 1783. This as opposed to an electromagneticactuator that includes a plurality of dynamic magnetic flux circuitsthat are not mechanically connected to each other.

In an exemplary embodiment of this embodiment that includes the dynamicmagnetic flux circuits that are mechanically coupled to one another, theactuator includes a spring (e.g., spring 1756) that supports components(e.g., yokes 1754) that establish a plurality of air gaps of thetransducer across which at least one of the two dynamic flux circuitsextends. Further, the transducer is configured such that the varyingmagnetic field across the plurality of air gaps causes the spring andthe components that establish the plurality of air gaps to actcollectively as a bender. This feature is seen in FIGS. 19 and 20. Inthis regard, piezoelectric benders are known in the art, which “flap”when energized from a de-energized state or when de-energized from anenergized state. Thus, the embodiments detailed above act as a benderwhen the actuator is energized with an alternating current through thecoils.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is an electromagnetic transducer,comprising a first static magnetic flux circuit generated by at leastone permanent magnet, and a plurality of dynamic magnetic flux circuits,wherein at least two of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits interactwith the static magnetic flux circuit to enable transduction. This asopposed to, for example, only one dynamic flux interacting with only onestatic flux to enable transduction, or two separate dynamic fluxesrespectively but separately interacting with two separate static fluxes(which is different that the embodiments described above, where twoseparate dynamic fluxes both interact with both separate static fluxes).

Consistent with the teachings detailed above, in an exemplaryembodiment, the actuator includes at least one static magnetic flux thatextends in a circuit in a plane that is normal to the respective planesin which the two dynamic flux circuits extend. Also, in an exemplaryembodiment, the two dynamic flux circuits are magnetically decoupledfrom each other.

Still further, in an exemplary embodiment of the above prosthesis, theprosthesis includes sensor that captures energy in an environment andoutputs an electrical signal to the actuator. Also, the prosthesis isconfigured such that a first of the two dynamic flux circuits isestablished by a plurality of first coils electrically arranged inseries with one another and a second of the two dynamic flux circuits isestablished by a plurality of second coils electrically arranged inseries with one another, and the prosthesis is configured such that uponoutput of an electrical signal to the actuator, for the outputtedsignal, the dynamic magnetic flux generated by the first of the twodynamic flux circuits travels in a direction counter to the direction oftravel of the dynamic magnetic flux generated by the second of the twodynamic flux circuits. This latter feature is seen by comparing FIGS.17C and 17D. The former feature is depicted in FIG. 21, which depicts anelectrical circuit diagram that includes a signal generator 2121 thatoutputs a signal in the direction of arrow 2130 during a first phase ofcurrent production. As can be seen, the first coils are coils 1753-5,6,7and 8 and the second coils are coils 1753-1, 2, 3, and 4, where thearrows 2140 and 2150 represent the direction of current flow. During thesecond phase of current production, the direction of current isreversed, and thus the arrows of FIG. 21 are reversed, thus resulting inan alternating current, and thus changing the direction of current flowthrough the coils to achieve the change in dynamic magnetic fluxdirection represented by comparing FIGS. 19 and 22 each other. As can beseen, the two dynamic magnetic flux circuits are energized by the samesource (source 2121). Here, an impedance of the electrical system ofwhich the two circuits are apart is the sum of the impedance of a firstof the two dynamic magnetic flux circuits and a second of the twodynamic magnetic flux circuits.

Briefly, it is noted that when no current is running in the coils, therespective static fluxes in the air gaps generates equal forces in thetwo top airgaps 1722T and two bottom airgaps 1722B. The mechanicalspring 1756 is stronger than the magnetic forces, keeping the airgaps ina stable equilibrium. This is the equilibrium in FIGS. 17A-D and FIGS.13-16 (again, where the activation of the coils is at the inception withrespect to the former figures, so there is no movement—movement is aboutto begin in these figures). With respect to FIG. 17A, when current isrunning in positive direction, the dynamic fluxes from all coils aredirected in the same direction as the upper static flux. The total fluxin the upper airgaps is increased and the magnetic force is increasedcausing the upper airgaps to decrease and the counter weights to moveupwards (major direction). In FIG. 17B, when current is running inpositive direction the dynamic fluxes from all the coils are directed inthe opposite direction as the lower static flux. The total flux in thelower airgaps is decreased and the magnetic force is decreased causingthe lower airgaps to increase and the counter weights to move upwards.In FIG. 17C, when current is running in positive direction the coils1753-5, 6, 7 and 8 create a flux in the same direction as the upperstatic flux and in the opposite direction as the lower static flux. InFIG. 17D, when current is running in positive direction the coils1753-1, 2, 3 and 4 create a flux in the same direction as the upperstatic flux and in the opposite direction as the lower static flux. Whencurrent is running in negative direction (e.g., arrow 2121 reversesdirection) in all the coils the just describe situation is reversedultimately resulting in the counter weights moving downwards (majordirection).

It is briefly noted that in an exemplary embodiment, a first of the twodynamic flux circuits is tuned for a higher frequency response (here, inan exemplary embodiment, the circuit established by coils 1753-1, 2, 3and 4) than a second of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits (here, inan exemplary embodiment, the circuit established by coils 1753-5, 6, 7and 8), the frequency response of the first of the two dynamic fluxcircuits being about X times that of the second of the two dynamic fluxcircuits, where X can be 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9,2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, or 3.0 or more or anyvalue or range of values therebetween in about 0.05 increments.Additional details of this will be described below.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is a hearing prosthesis, comprising anelectromagnetic actuator, such as an actuator corresponding to thetransducer of FIGS. 13A-21 above, and a sound capture apparatus, whereinthe sound capture apparatus is configured to transduce sounds in atleast a first range of 300 Hz to 4000 Hz. In this embodiment, relativeto the first range, the actuator is optimized for performance at,relative to the first range, both a low frequency and a high frequency.This as compared to, for example, the transducers of FIGS. 5 to 12 abovewhich are optimized to only one frequency. In this exemplary embodiment,the sound capture apparatus outputs an electrical signal, and theprosthesis is configured to actuate the actuator based on the electricalsignal. This can be directly, or indirectly—there could be an amplifierin between the microphone and the actuator, there could be a soundprocessor. In this embodiment, the prosthesis is configured such that afirst of two dynamic flux circuits and a second of two dynamic fluxcircuits are arranged, relative to the output of the electrical signal,in parallel. Again, this is relative, and thus even if there is anamplifier or a sound processor in between, the flux circuits arerelative to that ultimate signal. In this exemplary embodiment, the twodynamic magnetic flux circuits interact with a same static magnetic fluxcircuit to actuate the actuator. Also, consistent with the above-notedoptimization, in some embodiments, the prosthesis is configured suchthat a first of two dynamic flux circuits and a second of two dynamicflux circuits are tuned to different frequencies, so as to optimize theperformance at both the low frequency and the high frequency. In anexemplary embodiment, the frequencies tuned are, respectively, within afirst range of 500 to 800 Hz and within a second range of 800 to 2000Hz. In an exemplary embodiment, the range is A to B and B to C, whereinA is any value between 100 Hz and 1000 Hz in 1 Hz increments, B is anyvalue between 500 Hz and 1500 Hz in 1 Hz increments, and C is any valuebetween 700 Hz to 3000 Hz in 1 Hz increments.

Tuning can be achieved by having different numbers of turns of thecoils. In this regard, in an exemplary embodiment, there is a transducerincluding a plurality of dynamic flux circuits (e.g., that of flux 1782and flux 1783). In this embodiment, a first of the plurality of dynamicflux circuits is established by one or more coils collectively having afirst total number of coil turns. For example, coils 1753-5, 6, 7 and 8,which establish flux 1783, can have Y number of turns in total (i.e.,add up all the turns of each separate coil, and the total number ofturns is Y). Further, a second of the plurality of dynamic flux circuitsis established by other one or more coils collectively having a secondtotal number of coil turns. For example, coils 1753-1, 2, 3, and 4,which establish flux 1782, can have Z number of turns. In thisembodiment, the first total number of coil turns is less than the secondtotal number of coils (i.e., Y<Z). This can enable, for example, thefirst of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits to be tuned for a higherfrequency response than the second of the plurality of dynamic fluxcircuits (all other things being equal (e.g., coil wire diameter, coilwire composition, yoke makeup, etc.). In an exemplary embodiment of thisexemplary embodiment, the first of the plurality of dynamic fluxcircuits is tuned to a high frequency response (e.g., that of flux1783), and the second of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits (e.g.,that of flux 1782) is tuned to a low frequency response. In someembodiments, this is achieved by having a different number of turns forthe coils collectively. That said, in some alternate embodiments, thisis achieved by having the turns of the coil(s) of the first of theplurality of dynamic flux circuits being thicker than the turns of thecoil(s) of the second of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits (again,all other things being equal).

In some embodiments, both the number of turns and the thickness of theturns can be different, to further maximize the effects of tuning.

It is noted that in at least some exemplary embodiments, there isutilitarian value with respect to obtaining a low residence peak of thetransducer so as to avoid distortion. In an exemplary embodiment, highoutput at high frequencies can be utilitarian (however, it is lessutilitarian if the frequencies are very high). In this regard, there isutilitarian value with respect to having a resonance frequency between600 to 900 Hz.

With the teachings detailed herein, it is possible to obtain atransducer that has a residence peak that is smooth by tuning theseparate dynamic magnetic fluxes to different frequencies. According toat least some embodiments, as noted above, to tune the dynamic magneticflux for low frequencies, a relatively thicker wire and a relativelyhigh number of coil turns are utilized (the relative being to those ofthe dynamic magnetic flux for the higher frequencies). To tune thedynamic magnetic flux for high frequencies, a relatively thinner wire ina relatively low number of coil turns are utilized (the relative beingto those of the dynamic magnetic flux for the lower frequencies. It isnoted that for low frequencies, the impedance in the wires that make upthe coils is lower than that of the coils that make up the higherfrequencies. Indeed, in at least some instances, for the higherfrequencies, many coil turns is not as utilitarian as fewer coil turns.This can be because, in at least some instances, impedance increasesdramatically (relative to having fewer turns and/or thinner wire, allother things being equal), and the output goes down. However, in atleast some exemplary embodiments, there is still utilitarian value withrespect to having a large current going through the coils. Accordingly,by making the respective paths of the dynamic magnetic fluxes separate,the components that generate fluxes can be different so as to achievethe tuning for different frequencies.

In an exemplary embodiment, for the low frequency side, in an exemplaryembodiment, the wire has a diameter of 600 to 100 μm and the number ofcoil turns can be about 100 to 300 or any value or range of valuestherebetween in increments of 1 (e.g., about 125, about 200, about 222,etc.). Still further, in an exemplary embodiment, for the high frequencyside, the wire has a diameter of about 40 to 60 μm, and the number ofturns is between about 30 to about 150 or any value or range of valuestherebetween in 1 increments (e.g., about 50, about 75, about 100,etc.).

FIG. 22 presents a conceptual result of the outputs of the transduceraccording to an exemplary embodiment (1 Newton per volt of a batteryconnected to the actuator to power the actuator) where the two dynamicpaths are separated from each other and optimized (or at least tuned)for different frequencies, one for high frequencies and one for lowerfrequencies. Here, both circuits work for all frequencies of input(e.g., from the microphone). The total power generated by the transduceris the sum of the power from the high frequency circuit and the lowfrequency circuit, as presented by way of concept only and not by way oflimitation in FIG. 22.

In view of the above, it can be seen that the some embodimentsincrease/multiply the static force effect of the magnetic field byincreasing the static flux.

It is noted that impedance increases faster as frequency increases. Inthis regard, the impedance in a wire can increase at a rate of about thesquare of the frequency increase. In an exemplary embodiment, onebattery having a 1 V output, where current is proportional the force,and thus the force is proportional to current,

It is briefly noted that in an exemplary embodiment, there is anelectromagnetic transducer, comprising a plurality of dynamic fluxcircuits, wherein a first of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits isestablished by one or more coils collectively having a first totalnumber of coil turns, a second of the plurality of dynamic flux circuitsis established by other one or more coils collectively having a secondtotal number of coil turns, and the first total number of coil turns isless than the second total number of coils. In this exemplaryembodiment, consistent with the teachings above, the electromagnetictransducer include a seismic mass that moves relative to a fixationcomponent of the transducer configured to fix the transducer to a body,the coils of the dynamic flux circuits are part of the seismic mass, andthe electrometric transducer includes at least one static flux circuitgenerated by permanent magnets, wherein the permanent magnets are partof the seismic mass. Also in an exemplary embodiment of this embodiment,the aforementioned electromagnetic transducer is such that the seismicmass is supported by a spring that is connected to one or morecomponents that are rigidly coupled to the fixation component, thespring dividing the first of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits anddividing the second of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits. Also, ascan be seen from the above, in an exemplary embodiment, the springdivides the first of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits and dividesthe second of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits and the springdivides a first static magnetic flux circuit from a second staticmagnetic flux circuit.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is an electromagnetic transducercomprising at least one active air gap, wherein the active air gap is anon-axial air gap. The axial direction is the direction of the majordirection of movement of the counterweight assembly (as opposed to theminor direction), and thus parallel to the longitudinal axis 1748 of thetransducer. The axial direction is the direction that force is impartedfrom the transducer to the body to which the transducer is attached. Inthis regard, the minor direction of movement of the counter mass (thedirection normal to the longitudinal axis 1798), at least in theembodiments of FIGS. 13A-17E, counteract each other and thus there is noforce or otherwise substantially little force that is imparted from thetransducer to the body to which the transducer is attached.

An active air gap is an air gap that takes up the movement (at least themajor direction of movement) of the components duringtransduction/expands and contracts during movement of the components (asopposed to, for example, air gaps 572A and 572B, which do not take upmovement/do not expand or contract, but instead the surfacesestablishing the air gaps thereof for the most part only move parallelto each other, and also as opposed to air gaps that have surface that donot move relative to one another). As seen in FIG. 23, theelectromagnetic transducer includes a coil configured to generate adynamic magnetic field (any of coils 1753), the coil having alongitudinal axis 2398 (the representative axis of representative coil1753-3), wherein the active air gap extends in the direction of thelongitudinal axis of the coil (FIG. 23 depicts the direction ofextension DE, which is the direction of extension of the air gap 1722,as opposed to the direction of extension of the surfaces of the airgap). Consistent with the embodiment of FIG. 23, the active air gap isestablished by a first surface and a second surface (e.g., 1722SL, andthe opposite surface), wherein the first surface and/or the secondsurface tilt relative to one another upon transduction. Put another way,the active air gap is the air gap that is sized and dimensioned toenable relative movement of the components of the transducer to outputthe force into the body to which the transducer is attached, as opposedto air gaps that are simply present so as to close the magnetic field.

In an exemplary embodiment of the aforementioned transducer, thetransducer includes a static component (e.g., element 1740, connectingrod 1720, etc.), the transducer being configured to transduce energysuch that the static component remains static during transduction, andthe active air gap is established by a first surface and a secondsurface (e.g., 1722SL and the opposite surface) that both move relativeto the static component during transduction. In this regard, theelectromagnetic transducer can include a coupling configured to couplethe transducer to an object (e.g., an abutment, a bone fixture in thecase of an active transcutaneous bone conduction device, etc.), whereinthe active air gap is established by a first surface and a secondsurface that both move relative to the coupling during transduction.

As detailed above, the seismic mass assembly is bifurcated (although insome embodiments, it can be trifurcated, quadfurcated, etc.), and thusthere is a first counter mass (e.g., the mass on the left of FIG. 23)and a second counter mass (e.g., the mass of the right of FIG. 23), andthe first counter mass and the second counter mass tilt relative to alongitudinal axis 1498 of the electromagnetic transducer in asymmetrical manner about the longitudinal axis upon transduction.Corollary to this is that the counter mass rocks relative to thelongitudinal axis of the electromagnetic transducer upon transduction.Also, in some embodiments, the transducer is configured to move theseismic mass in a major direction of movement upon transduction, themajor direction of movement being normal to a major direction ofexpansion and contraction of the air gap during transduction.

As can be seen, in some exemplary embodiments, the electromagnetictransducer is a transducer where all air gaps have components that moverelative to one another and relative to a static component of thetransducer.

Also as seen above, there is an electromagnetic transducer, comprisingat least one dynamic magnetic flux circuit and a seismic mass assembly,wherein both sides of an air gap crossed by the dynamic magnetic fluxare established by the seismic mass assembly. This is different than,for example, the air gaps of the embodiment of FIG. 5 above, where oneside of the air gap is established by a static component (i.e., thecomponent that does not move relative to the body to which thetransducer is attached) and another side of the air gap is establishedby the dynamic component. Further, in an exemplary embodiment, theelectromagnetic transducer also includes at least one static magneticflux circuit, wherein with respect to location along the longitudinalaxis of the transducer, one of the static magnetic flux circuit or thedynamic magnetic flux circuit is at least substantially entirely withinthe area taken up by the air gap, and with respect to location along thelongitudinal axis of the transducer, the other of the static magneticflux circuit or the dynamic magnetic flux circuit is mostly outside thearea taken up by the air gap. FIG. 24 schematically illustrates this,feature, where planes 2497 and 2496, represented by lines in FIG. 24,extend into and out of the page, and are normal to longitudinal axis1498. As can be seen, all of flux circuit 1780 is between planes 2497and 2496, and these planes are located at the topmost portion and thebottom most portion of the surfaces that establish the air gap 1722T.This is also the case with respect to flux circuit 1784, as can be seenwith respect to planes 2495 and 2494 vis-à-vis airgap 1772B.

While the just described embodiment concentrates on the static magneticflux, it is noted that in some alternate embodiments, it is the dynamicmagnetic fluxes that travels in a circuit that is perpendicular to thelongitudinal axis 2498, and the static magnetic fluxes that travel in acircuit that is parallel to the longitudinal axis 2498. Thus, in atleast some exemplary embodiments, it is the dynamic magnetic fluxes thatare located between the planes 2497 and 2496, etc., and thus are thefluxes that are located, with respect to location along the longitudinalaxis of the transducer at least substantially entirely within the areataken up by the airgap.

In at least some embodiments, the transducer includes at least four airgaps established by the seismic mass assembly, a first of the at leastone dynamic magnetic flux circuits is closed by a first and second ofthe four air gaps, a second of the at least one dynamic magnetic fluxcircuits is closed by a third and fourth of the four air gaps, the firstof the at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuits does not cross thethird and does not cross the fourth of the four air gaps, and the secondof the at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuits does not cross thefirst and does not cross the second of the four air gaps.

Corollary to this is that a similar arrangement is also the case for thestatic magnetic flux circuits. In this regard, where the transducerincludes at least two static magnetic flux circuits; a first of the atleast two static magnetic flux circuits crosses the first and the thirdof the four air gaps, a second of the at least two static magnetic fluxcircuits crosses the second and the fourth of the four air gaps, thefirst of the at least two static magnetic flux circuits does not crossthe second of the four air gaps and does not cross the fourth of thefour air gaps, and the second of the at least two static magnetic fluxcircuits does not cross the first of the four air gaps and does notcross the fourth of the four air gaps. Again, concomitant with the factthat the static magnetic fluxes and the dynamic magnetic fluxes can bearranged on different plane than that disclosed in FIGS. 17A-17D (e.g.,in some embodiments, the static magnetic fluxes will travel in a circuitparallel to the longitudinal axis 1498, and the dynamic magnetic fluxeswill travel in a circuit that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis1498), the aforementioned first, second, third, and fourth air gaps arenot limited to those specifically described in the figures.

Also consistent with the teachings detailed above, the at least onedynamic magnetic flux circuit extends along a closed path consisting ofone or more air gaps and solid material, and all of the solid materialmaking up the closed path moves during transduction of theelectromagnetic transducer.

Again, emphasis has been placed on a balanced electromagnetictransducer. As briefly noted above and as will be described in greaterdetail below, the teachings detailed herein are also applicable, withsome modification, to an un-balanced transducer. That said, still withrespect to embodiments where the electromagnetic transducer is a balancetransducer, the at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuit can extendthrough only two air gaps cant relative to one another duringtransduction (as seen in FIGS. 19 and 20). Alternatively, in someexemplary embodiments, the electromagnetic transducer is an unbalancedtransducer, and the at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuit extendsthrough only one air gap and respective surfaces of the air gap cantrelative to one another during transduction. Additional details of theunbalanced feature will be described below.

As can be seen, in some exemplary embodiments, the electromagnetictransducer is a balanced transducer that includes at least one coilconfigured to generate the at least one dynamic magnetic flux. The atleast one dynamic magnetic flux circuit extends through the air gap, andthe dynamic magnetic flux travels through the air gap when the at leastone coil is energized in the same direction as a direction of travel ofthe at least one dynamic magnetic flux at a location of the at least onecoil. Also, in at least some embodiments, at least a first coil and asecond coil are configured to generate the at least one dynamic magneticflux, and the first coil drives the dynamic magnetic flux in a firstdirection and the second coil drives the dynamic magnetic flux in asecond direction opposite the first direction. By way of example onlyand not by way of limitation, such first and second coils can correspondto coils 1753-1 and 1753-3, or coils 1753-2 and 1753-4, etc. In thisregard, in an exemplary embodiment, it can be seen that at least someexemplary embodiments have a dynamic magnetic flux circuit that hascoils that have longitudinal axes that are parallel to one another but,when the coils are energized, drive the dynamic magnetic flux inopposite directions. It is further noted that in at least some exemplaryembodiments, the coils of the dynamic magnetic flux circuit can havelongitudinal axes that are normal to one another and/or otherwise angledat angles different than zero and ninety degrees, and thus the coils,when energized, drive the dynamic magnetic flux interactions that areangled relative to one another.

It is also noted that in at least some exemplary embodiments, as can beseen, the permanent magnets are arranged such that the magnets drive thestatic magnetic flux traveling in a circuit in opposite directions orotherwise in directions that are angled relative to one another atangles other than zero or 90 degrees.

Considering further, it can be seen that in at least some exemplaryembodiments, the electromagnetic transducer includes at least a firstcoil and a second coil configured to generate the at least one dynamicmagnetic flux, wherein the first coil and the second coil drive thedynamic magnetic flux in the same direction, and a longitudinal axis ofthe first coil and a longitudinal axis of the second coil tilt relativeto one another during transduction. This is seen in FIG. 20, where axis2001 of coil 1753-1 and axis 2002 of coil 1753-4 are depicted as angled(other than zero) relative to one another, where when the transducer isin the at rest/neutral position, those axes would be parallel to oneanother. This is also the case with respect to coils 1753-1 and 1753-2,etc., in the embodiments depicted in the figures.

FIG. 25 duplicates in part FIG. 17D, and depicts thereon the centers ofgravity 2320 of the left seismic mass and 2310 of the right seismicmass, respectively. Also shown is the center of rotation 2500 aboutwhich the left and right seismic masses rotate during transduction. Ascan be seen, in this embodiment, with respect to the frame of referenceof FIG. 25 (the plane upon which the schematic of FIG. 25 is presented),the centers of gravity 2320 and 2310 are equidistant from the center ofrotation 2500, by a distance D1 and D2 in the horizontal direction (theX axis), where D1 is equal to D2. However, in some embodiments, D1 canbe different than D2. In an exemplary embodiment, D1 and/or D2 is about0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75,3, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4, 4.25, 4.5, 4.75, 5, 5.25, 5.5, 5.75, 6, 6.25,6.5, 6.75, 7, 7.25, 7.5, 7.75, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12,12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 mm or more or any value or rangeof values therebetween in 0.01 mm increments.

Also as can be seen, the geometric center of the air gap 1722T and thegeometric center of the air gap 1722B are distances D3 and D4,respectively, from the center of rotation 2500.

In an exemplary embodiment, the distance D3 and D4 are equal to eachother, while in other embodiments, D3 can be different than D4. In anexemplary embodiment, D3 and/or D4 is about 0.0.5, 0.075, 0.1, 0.15,0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5,2.75, 3, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4, 4.25, 4.5, 4.75, 5, 5.25, 5.5, 5.75, 6,6.25, 6.5, 6.75, 7, 7.25, 7.5, 7.75, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5,12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 55, 60 mm, or more or any value or range ofvalues therebetween in 0.01 mm increments.

It is noted that with respect to geometric centers the air gap, it ismeant the location in space that exists equidistant from the geometriccenters of the respective surfaces that establish the surfaces of theair gap. In an exemplary embodiment, this location is along a vectorthat extends from the geometric center of one surface to the geometriccenter of the other surface. In embodiments where the surfaces areidentical to one another and coaxial to one another with respect to thedirection of extension of the air gap, the vector is exactly normal toboth surfaces. With respect to surfaces that are not identical to oneanother or otherwise not coaxial with one another, this vector will beat a non-90° angle relative to the surfaces of the air gap. It is alsonoted that in at least some exemplary embodiments, the distances D3 andD4 can be measured from the geometric centers of one or more surfaces ofthe air gaps as opposed to the geometric center of the air gap. This isbecause the distance that the air gap extends is relatively small in thegreater scheme of things, and certainly relative to the distances D1 andD2.

In an exemplary embodiment, the arrangement of the centers of gravity ofthe seismic mass and geometric centers of the air gaps enable, in anexemplary embodiment, an electromagnetic transducer, comprising aseismic mass (either of the left or right seismic masses), and a dynamicmagnetic field generator (e.g., any of the coils 1753 and the associatedcomponents that energize such). In an exemplary embodiment, thegenerated magnetic field crosses an air gap (any of air gaps 1722) thatexpands and contracts with movement of the seismic mass relative to astationary component of the transducer (e.g., the connecting rod 1720).Here, the respective amounts of movement of the seismic mass, at thecenter of gravity thereof, relative to the stationary component in afirst direction and a second direction opposite the first direction(e.g., directions parallel to the longitudinal axis of the transducer)relative to the non-energized state is more than the respective amountsof expansion and contraction of the air gap from a non-energized. It isnoted that in the embodiments depicted in the figures, it is the entireseismic mass that moves the aforementioned distances, as opposed to aportion thereof.

More particularly, the aforementioned phenomenon regarding therespective amounts of movement can be achieved by making D1 and/or D2greater than D3 and/or D4. That is, if D1 and/or D2 is greater than D3and/or D4, the movement in the respective air gaps will be smaller thanthe movement of the seismic masses. That is, if the distance D3 and/orD4 is smaller than D1 and/or D2, for the same angular deflection of thespring 1756, the movement in the respective air gaps is smaller than themovement of the counter weights.

Accordingly, in an exemplary embodiment, there is an electromagnetictransducer where the amount of movement of the seismic mass relative tothe stationary component in a respective first direction and arespective second direction relative to the non-energized state isrespectively more than the respective amount of expansion and therespective amount of contraction of the air gap from a non-energized.The more is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130,140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375,400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000 percentor more, or any value or range of values therebetween in 0.1 percentincrements. In an exemplary embodiment, the amount of movement of theseismic mass relative to the stationary component in a respective firstdirection and a respective second direction relative to thenon-energized state is respectively substantially more than therespective amount of expansion and the respective amount of contractionof the air gap from a non-energized.

In an exemplary embodiment, consistent with the bifurcation of theseismic mass assembly into two seismic masses, the aforementionedseismic mass is a first seismic mass that is part of a seismic massassembly including a second seismic mass, the first and second seismicmasses having respective centers of gravity (e.g., CG 2320 and 2310).Further, the transducer is configured to move the first and secondseismic mass relative to a center point (e.g., 2500) equidistant in atleast one axis between the respective centers of gravity, the distancebetween the respective centers of gravity and the enter point being afirst distance (D1 and D2, respectively), when the transducer is in anon-energized state. By “in at least one axis”, it is meant that it ispossible that the centers of gravity could be nonaligned with respect tothe longitudinal axis 1498, but still be the same distance from thecenter point 2500 in, for example, the X axis/horizontal axis.

Further, in this exemplary embodiment, the air gap has a geometriccenter when the transducer is in the non-energized state, the geometriccenter being a second distance from the center point (e.g., D3 or D4),and the first distance is more than the second distance, and the morecan correspond to the aforementioned more just detailed.

Again, as is consistent with the embodiments, the electromagnetictransducer is such that the first seismic mass and the second seismicmass are supported via a spring apparatus (e.g., spring 1756). As can beseen, in some embodiments, the spring apparatus is centered about thecenter point in at least one axis. The transducer is configured torotate the first seismic mass and the second seismic mass about thecenter point during transduction, and, in some embodiments, thisrotation is symmetrical about a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis,such as a plane that is normal to the plane on which FIG. 25 ispresented, which plane extends through the longitudinal axis 1498. In atleast some exemplary embodiments, again, where the seismic mass is afirst seismic mass that is part of a seismic mass assembly including asecond seismic mass, the transducer is configured to flap the firstseismic mass and the second seismic mass during transduction. Again, inan exemplary embodiment, the first seismic mass and the second seismicmass flap in unison in a manner analogous to the wings of a birdflapping.

Also, in at least some embodiments, the at least one static magneticflux circuit extending along a closed path consisting of one or more airgaps and solid material (i.e., nothing else makes up the path), and allof the solid material making up the closed path moves duringtransduction of the electromagnetic transducer.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 5-12, at least one air gap is oriented in away that the amplitude of the air gap movement is essentially the sameas the amplitude of the counterweight movement. The counter weightmovement defines the force/motion that the actuator transfers. Thetransferred force can be calculated by Newton's second law: F=m×a(F=Force [N], m=mass (of counter weight) [kg], a=acceleration (ofcounter weight) [m/s²]). In order to get a stable equilibrium, themechanical spring stiffness is typically larger than the magnetic forcestiffness acting in the air gap (in all positions). However, as seen inthe embodiment of FIGS. 13A-16, the mechanical spring(s), counterweightsand air gaps are arranged in a way that the amplitude of the movement(and thereby the acceleration) of the counter weight is larger, and insome instances, significantly larger, than the amplitude of the movement(and thereby the acceleration) in the air gap. In at least someexemplary embodiments, this enables the generated force (which typicallyhas a vector parallel to and coaxial with the longitudinal axis 1498) tobe higher for the same counterweight mass, alternatively the counterweight mass can be lower at the same force output. (Lower counterweightmass can be achieved by choosing lower density material that is lessexpensive or making it smaller.)

Thus, in some embodiments, there is an electromagnetic actuator, whereinthe transducer is an actuator that includes an air gap, such as anactive air gap. The sides of the air gap move in a direction having amajor component non-parallel to a major direction of force output of thetransducer. By way of example, in the embodiments where the direction offorce output is parallel to the longitudinal axis 1498, and thus themajor direction of force output is parallel to the longitudinal axis1498, the sides of the air gap have a major component of movement thatis normal to the longitudinal axis 1498, and thus not parallel to thelongitudinal axis 1498. Granted, in at least some exemplary embodiments,the sides can have a direction of movement that is parallel to thelongitudinal axis 1498, and thus parallel to the direction of forceoutput. However, as noted above, this direction of movement is not amajor component of movement, but instead a minor component of movement.Accordingly, even if such minor component of movement is the case, thisis still encompassed by the embodiment where the major direction ofmovement is not parallel to the major direction of force output. Also,in an exemplary embodiment, the amount of force output by the actuatoris greater relative to the same mass of seismic mass and the same forcescreated by the static and dynamic magnetic fluxes than that which wouldbe the case if the sides of the air gap moved in a direction having amajor component parallel to the major direction of force output of thetransducer. That is, by way of example only and not by way oflimitation, if the embodiment of FIG. 5 or, say FIG. 6A, wereconstructed such that the mass of the seismic mass the same as theembodiment of FIGS. 13A-17D, for example, and the amount of staticmagnetic flux and dynamic magnetic flux generated for actuation was theexact same amount, the force output of the embodiment of FIGS. 13A-17Dwould be greater than the force output for the aforementioned priorembodiments, again all other things being equal (e.g., the amount ofpower consumption, etc.).

Indeed, with respect to power consumption, again, in a scenario wherethe transducer is an actuator, and the actuator is powered by a battery(e.g., a battery of a BTE device, a battery of a removable component ofa percutaneous bone conduction device, a battery that is implanted, abattery that is outside the recipient but via the use of an inductancefield extending through skin of the recipient, the actuator is implantedand powered by the external battery, etc.). Again, the sides of the airgap move in a direction having a major component non-parallel to a majordirection of force output of the transducer. Here, the amount of forceoutput by the actuator is greater relative to the same mass of seismicmass and the same battery power consumption than that which would be thecase if the sides of the air gap moved in a direction having a majorcomponent parallel to the major direction of force output of thetransducer, all other things being equal.

In an exemplary embodiment, the amount of force output is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60,65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180,190, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600,650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000 percent or more, or any value orrange of values therebetween in 0.1 percent increments more than thatwhich would be the case (i) for an embodiment where the same mass ofseismic mass and the same forces created by the static and dynamicmagnetic fluxes if the sides of the air gap moved in a direction havinga major component parallel to the major direction of force output of thetransducer and/or (ii) for an embodiment where the same mass of seismicmass and the same battery power consumption if the sides of the air gapmoved in a direction having a major component parallel to the majordirection of force output of the transducer, all other things beingequal.

As noted above, the teachings detailed herein can be applied tounbalanced transducers as well. In this regard, FIGS. 26 and 27 depictan exemplary embodiment of an unbalanced transducer. FIG. 26 depicts aside view and FIG. 27 depicts a bottom view of the vibratoryactuator-coupling assembly 2680, that includes vibratory electromagneticactuator 2650, which can be used as the vibratory electromagneticactuators in the embodiments of FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 detailed above, forexample. Like reference numbers have been utilized in accordance withthe teachings above, and thus will not be described in further detail.As can be seen, the top static magnetic flux has been removed orotherwise is not present, and the dynamic magnetic flux, of which thereis only one in this embodiment, now flows in a plane normal to thelongitudinal axis. More specifically, there is only one static magneticflux 2680, and only one dynamic magnetic flux 2682. Both fluxes flow inthe same plane, a plane normal to the longitudinal axis of thetransducer. Dynamic flux 2682 is represented without arrows simplybecause this flux changes with the alternating current applied to thecoils 1753-3, 1753-4, 1753-7, and 1753-8, which coils drive the dynamicmagnetic flux in the same direction (clockwise or counterclockwise withrespect to the frame of reference of FIG. 27) when energized accordingto a first clarity, and in the opposite direction when energizedaccording to a second polarity. The static magnetic field created by themagnets generates a force in the air gaps 1722 that wants to close theair gap. Accordingly, there is utilitarian value with respect to havinga mechanical spring that is stronger than the magnetic forces so thatthe airgap does not collapse completely. The coils create a dynamicmagnetic field that either works together with the static field oragainst it resulting in the total magnetic force varying, causing thecounterweights to move in a flapping manner (relative to the frame ofreference of FIG. 26). As with the embodiment of FIGS. 13A-17E, if thedistance from the center of rotation to the geometric center of theairgaps is less than the distance from the center of rotation to thecenter of gravities of the left and right countermasses, the featuresdetailed above associated there with will also be present in at leastsome embodiments.

As noted above, there are variations with respect to the placement andlocation and number of components and even the presence of somecomponents with respect to various embodiments. In this regard, FIG. 28depicts an exemplary vibratory actuator-coupling assembly 2880 thatincludes a vibratory electromagnetic actuator 2850 where the coils areonly located only on one of the two seismic masses, and the magnet islocated only on one of the two seismic masses. Instead, an extended yokeis located on the other seismic mass. In an exemplary embodiment, thearrangement is adjusted so as to balance the weight of thecounterweights assembly on the left side counterweights assembly on theright side. That said, there can be utilitarian value of havingcounterweights that are not of the same weight.

It is noted that the concept associated with FIG. 28 vis-a-vis placementand location and number of components and even the presence of somecomponents is also applicable to the embodiments detailed above of FIGS.13A to 17E.

It is noted that any feature of any embodiment detailed herein can bepresent in any other embodiment detailed herein unless otherwiseindicated or unless the art otherwise does not enable such. In thisregard, by way of example only and not by way of limitation, one or moreof the features of the embodiments of FIGS. 5 to 12 can be present inthe embodiments of FIGS. 13A-28 (e.g. the use of soft magnetic materialfor the yokes, etc.). It is also noted that any method action detailedherein corresponds to a disclosure of a device and/or system ofexecuting that method action. Also, any device and/or system detailedherein corresponds to a disclosure of a method of utilizing that deviceand/or system and/or a method of making that device and/or system. Also,any disclosure of any method action of making a device or a systemherein corresponds to a disclosure of the resulting device made by thatmethod action. Any disclosure of a method of using a device correspondsto a disclosure of a device having the functionality/configured for suchuse.

Recitations of “configured to” and “adapted to” correspond to arecitation of structure of achieving that functionality.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is an electromagnetic transducer,comprising a plurality of static magnetic flux paths; and a plurality ofdynamic magnetic flux paths, wherein at least two of the plurality ofstatic flux paths lie in respective first planes parallel and offsetfrom one another, at least two of the plurality of dynamic flux pathslie in respective second planes parallel and offset from one another,and the first planes and the second planes are arrayed so as toestablish at least a general tic-tac-toe lattice. In an exemplaryembodiment of any embodiment described above and/or below, therespective first planes and respective second planes are symmetricalabout a first reference plane parallel to and lying on a longitudinalaxis of the transducer. In an exemplary embodiment of any embodimentdescribed above and/or below, the transducer is an actuator in signalcommunication at least one of directly or indirectly with a soundcapture apparatus; the sound capture apparatus is configured totransduce sounds in at least a first range of 300 Hz to 4000 Hz; andrelative to the first range, the actuator is optimized for performanceat, relative to the first range, both a low frequency and a highfrequency.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is an electromagnetic transducer,comprising: a first static magnetic flux circuit generated by at leastone permanent magnet; and a plurality of dynamic magnetic flux circuits,wherein at least two of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits interactwith the static magnetic flux circuit to enable transduction.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is a hearing prosthesis, comprising:an electromagnetic actuator; and a sound capture apparatus, wherein thesound capture apparatus is configured to transduce sounds in at least afirst range of 300 Hz to 4000 Hz, and relative to the first range, theactuator is optimized for performance at, relative to the first range,both a low frequency and a high frequency. In an exemplary embodiment ofany embodiment described above and/or below, the sound capture apparatusoutputs an electrical signal; the prosthesis is configured to actuatethe actuator based on the electrical signal; and the prosthesis isconfigured such that a first of two dynamic flux circuits and a secondof two dynamic flux circuits are arranged, relative to the output of theelectrical signal, in parallel In an exemplary embodiment of anyembodiment described above and/or below, the two dynamic magnetic fluxcircuits interact with a same static magnetic flux circuit to actuatethe actuator. In an exemplary embodiment of any embodiment describedabove and/or below, the prosthesis is configured such that a first oftwo dynamic flux circuits and a second of two dynamic flux circuits aretuned to different frequencies, so as to optimize the performance atboth the low frequency and the high frequency.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is an electromagnetic transducer,comprising a plurality of dynamic flux circuits, wherein a first of theplurality of dynamic flux circuits is established by one or more coilscollectively having a first total number of coil turns, a second of theplurality of dynamic flux circuits is established by other one or morecoils collectively having a second total number of coil turns, and thefirst total number of coil turns is less than the second total number ofcoils. In an exemplary embodiment of any embodiment described aboveand/or below, the electromagnetic transducer includes a seismic massthat moves relative to a fixation component of the transducer, theseismic mass being supported by a spring that is connected to one ormore components that are rigidly coupled to the fixation component, thespring dividing the first of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits anddividing the second of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits. In anexemplary embodiment of any embodiment described above and/or below, theelectromagnetic transducer includes a seismic mass that moves relativeto fixation component of the transducer, the seismic mass beingsupported by a spring that is connected to one or more components thatare rigidly coupled to the fixation component; the electromagnetictransducer includes a plurality of static magnetic flux circuits; thespring divides the first of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits anddivides the second of the plurality of dynamic flux circuits; and thespring divides a first static magnetic flux circuit from a second staticmagnetic flux circuit.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is an electromagnetic transducer,comprising: at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuit; and a seismicmass assembly, wherein both sides of an air gap crossed by the dynamicmagnetic flux are established by the seismic mass assembly. In anexemplary embodiment of any embodiment described above and/or below, thetransducer includes at least four air gaps established by the seismicmass assembly; a first of the at least one dynamic magnetic fluxcircuits is closed by a first and second of the four air gaps; a secondof the at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuits is closed by a thirdand fourth of the four air gaps; the first of the at least one dynamicmagnetic flux circuits does not cross the third of the four air gaps anddoes not cross the fourth of the four air gaps; and the second of the atleast one dynamic magnetic flux circuits does not cross the first of thefour air gaps and does not cross the second of the four air gaps. In anexemplary embodiment of any embodiment described above and/or below, thetransducer includes at least two static magnetic flux circuits; a firstof the at least two static magnetic flux circuits crosses the first andthe third of the four air gaps; a second of the at least two staticmagnetic flux circuits crosses the second and the fourth of the four airgaps; the first of the at least two static magnetic flux circuits doesnot cross the second of the four air gaps and does not cross the fourthof the four air gaps; and the second of the at least two static magneticflux circuits does not cross the first of the four air gaps and does notcross the fourth of the four air gaps. In an exemplary embodiment of anyembodiment described above and/or below, the electromagnetic transducerfurther comprises at least one coil configured to generate at least onedynamic magnetic flux that travels in the at least one dynamic magneticflux circuit, wherein the at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuitextends through the air gap, the dynamic magnetic flux travels throughthe air gap, when the at least one coil is energized, in the samedirection as a direction of travel of the at least one dynamic magneticflux at a location of the at least one coil, and the electromagnetictransducer is a balanced transducer. In an exemplary embodiment of anyembodiment described above and/or below, the electromagnetic transducerfurther comprises at least a first coil and a second coil configured togenerate at least one dynamic magnetic flux that travels in the at leastone dynamic magnetic flux circuit, wherein the first coil drives thedynamic magnetic flux in a first direction and the second coil drivesthe dynamic magnetic flux in a second direction opposite the firstdirection. In an exemplary embodiment of any embodiment described aboveand/or below, the electromagnetic transducer further comprises at leasta first coil and a second coil configured to generate the at least onedynamic magnetic flux, wherein the first coil and the second coil drivethe dynamic magnetic flux in the same direction; and a longitudinal axisof the first coil and a longitudinal axis of the second coil tiltrelative to one another during transduction. In an exemplary embodimentof any embodiment described above and/or below, the at least one dynamicmagnetic flux circuit extends along a closed path consisting of one ormore air gaps and solid material; and all of the solid material makingup the closed path moves during transduction of the electromagnetictransducer. In an exemplary embodiment of any embodiment described aboveand/or below, one of: the electromagnetic transducer is a balancedtransducer, and the at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuit extendsthrough only two air gaps and respective surfaces of the respectiveairgaps of the only two air gaps cant relative to one another duringtransduction; or the electromagnetic transducer is an unbalancedtransducer, and the at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuit extendsthrough only one air gap and respective surfaces of the air gap cantrelative to one another during transduction.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is an electromagnetic transducer,comprising: at least one active air gap, wherein the active air gap is anon-axial air gap. In an exemplary embodiment of any embodimentdescribed above and/or below, the electromagnetic transducer furthercomprises a seismic mass, wherein the transducer is configured to movethe seismic mass in a major direction of movement upon transduction, themajor direction of movement being normal to a major direction ofexpansion and contraction of the air gap during transduction. In anexemplary embodiment of any embodiment described above and/or below, allair gaps have components that move relative to one another and relativeto a static component of the transducer.

Again, any feature of any embodiment herein can be combined with orotherwise be present in any other feature of any other embodiment unlessotherwise noted or unless otherwise not enabled. Any feature disclosedherein can be explicitly excluded from any embodiment.

While various embodiments have been described above, it should beunderstood that they have been presented by way of example only, and notlimitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant artthat various changes in form and detail can be made therein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the breadthand scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of theabove-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only inaccordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electromagnetic transducer, comprising: atleast one active air gap, wherein the active air gap is a non-axial airgap.
 2. The electromagnetic transducer of claim 1, further comprising: acoil configured to generate a dynamic magnetic field, the coil having alongitudinal axis, wherein the active air gap extends in the directionof the longitudinal axis of the coil.
 3. The electromagnetic transducerof claim 1, wherein: the active air gap is established by a firstsurface and a second surface, wherein the first surface and/or thesecond surface tilt relative to one another upon transduction.
 4. Theelectromagnetic transducer of claim 1, further comprising: a staticcomponent, the transducer being configured to transduce energy such thatthe static component remains static during transduction, wherein theactive air gap is established by a first surface and a second surfacethat both move relative to the static component during transduction. 5.The electromagnetic transducer of claim 1, further comprising: acoupling configured to couple the transducer to an object, wherein theactive air gap is established by a first surface and a second surfacethat both move relative to the coupling during transduction.
 6. Theelectromagnetic transducer of claim 1, further comprising: a firstcounter mass and a second counter mass, wherein the first counter massand the second counter mass tilt relative to a longitudinal axis of theelectromagnetic transducer in a symmetrical manner about thelongitudinal axis upon transduction.
 7. The electromagnetic transducerof claim 1, further comprising: a counter mass, wherein the counter massrocks relative to a longitudinal axis of the electromagnetic transducerupon transduction.
 8. An electromagnetic transducer, comprising: atleast one dynamic magnetic flux circuit; and a seismic mass assembly,wherein both sides of an air gap crossed by the dynamic magnetic fluxare established by the seismic mass assembly.
 9. The electromagnetictransducer of claim 8, wherein: the transducer is an actuator; the sidesof the air gap move in a direction having a major component non-parallelto a major direction of force output of the transducer; and the amountof force output by the actuator is greater relative to the same mass ofseismic mass and the same forces created by the static and dynamicmagnetic fluxes than that which would be the case if the sides of theair gap moved in a direction having a major component parallel to themajor direction of force output of the transducer, all other thingsbeing equal.
 10. The electromagnetic transducer of claim 8, wherein: thetransducer is an actuator and a battery powers the actuator; the sidesof the air gap move in a direction having a major component non-parallelto a major direction of force output of the transducer; and the amountof force output by the actuator is greater relative to the same mass ofseismic mass and the same battery power consumption than that whichwould be the case if the sides of the air gap moved in a directionhaving a major component parallel to the major direction of force outputof the transducer, all other things being equal.
 11. The electromagnetictransducer of claim 8, further comprising: at least one static magneticflux circuit, wherein with respect to location along a longitudinal axisof the transducer, one of the static magnetic flux circuit or thedynamic magnetic flux circuit is at least substantially entirely withinthe area taken up by the air gap, and with respect to location along thelongitudinal axis of the transducer, the other of the static magneticflux circuit or the dynamic magnetic flux circuit is mostly outside thearea taken up by the air gap.
 12. The electromagnetic transducer ofclaim 8, wherein: the transducer includes at least four air gapsestablished by the seismic mass assembly; a first of the at least onedynamic magnetic flux circuits is closed by a first and second of thefour air gaps; a second of the at least one dynamic magnetic fluxcircuits is closed by a third and fourth of the four air gaps; the firstof the at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuits does not cross thethird of the four air gaps and does not cross the fourth of the four airgaps; and the second of the at least one dynamic magnetic flux circuitsdoes not cross the first of the four air gaps and does not cross thesecond of the four air gaps.
 13. The electromagnetic transducer of claim12, wherein: the transducer includes at least two static magnetic fluxcircuits; a first of the at least two static magnetic flux circuitscrosses the first and the third of the four air gaps; a second of the atleast two static magnetic flux circuits crosses the second and thefourth of the four air gaps; the first of the at least two staticmagnetic flux circuits does not cross the second of the four air gapsand does not cross the fourth of the four air gaps; and the second ofthe at least two static magnetic flux circuits does not cross the firstof the four air gaps and does not cross the fourth of the four air gaps.14. An electromagnetic transducer, comprising: a seismic mass; and adynamic magnetic field generator, wherein the generated dynamic magneticfield crosses an air gap that expands and contracts with movement of theseismic mass relative to a stationary component of the transducer, andthe respective amounts of movement of the seismic mass at the center ofgravity thereof relative to the stationary component in a firstdirection and a second direction opposite the first direction relativeto the non-energized state is more than the respective amounts ofexpansion and contraction of the air gap from a non-energized state. 15.The electromagnetic transducer of claim 14, wherein: the amount ofmovement of the seismic mass relative to the stationary component in arespective first direction and a respective second direction relative tothe non-energized state is respectively substantially more than therespective amount of expansion and the respective amount of contractionof the air gap from a non-energized.
 16. The electromagnetic transducerof claim 14, wherein: the seismic mass is a first seismic mass that ispart of a seismic mass assembly including a second seismic mass, thefirst and second seismic masses having respective centers of gravity,the transducer is configured to move the first and second seismic massrelative to a center point equidistant in at least one axis between therespective centers of gravity, the distance between the respectivecenters of gravity and the enter point being a first distance when thetransducer is in a non-energized state; the air gap has a geometriccenter when the transducer is in the non-energized state, the geometriccenter being a second distance from the center point; and the firstdistance is more than the second distance.
 17. The electromagnetictransducer of claim 16, wherein: the first seismic mass and the secondseismic mass are supported via a spring apparatus, wherein the springapparatus is centered about the center point in at least one axis. 18.The electromagnetic transducer of claim 16, wherein: the transducer isconfigured to rotate the first seismic mass and the second seismic massabout the center point during transduction.
 19. The electromagnetictransducer of claim 14, wherein: the seismic mass is a first seismicmass that is part of a seismic mass assembly including a second seismicmass; and the transducer is configured to flap the first seismic massand the second seismic mass during transduction.
 20. The electromagnetictransducer of claim 14, further comprising: at least one static magneticflux circuit extending along a closed path consisting of one or more airgaps and solid material, wherein all of the solid material making up theclosed path moves during transduction of the electromagnetic transducer.